1699 lines
472 KiB
Plaintext
1699 lines
472 KiB
Plaintext
彩插
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0.Preface
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Green Energy-Fruit of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
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Along with the rapid social and economic development in China in the 21st century，energy and environment issues become more and more prominent.In order to address ecological environment degradation and stagnated economic development in the western regions，the Chinese Government implemented the western region development strategy.As one of the important measures of improving ecological environment and promoting farmers’ income growth for shaking off poverty，the Ministry of Agriculture and other relevant departments have been making great efforts to promote the development and utilization of renewable energy as the priority.
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Based on the thoughts that “farmers in China need assistance，rural China needs input and we want to support rural development in western China to enable more farmers to benefit from renewable energy”，the Netherlands Government in September 2002 decided to join hands in poverty reduction in western China.
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On January 2003，the representatives of both sides signed project agreement in Beijing to implement the project of “Promotion of Rural Renewable Energy in Western China”（Project Number CN 012531）.The duration of project implementation is 5 years starting from January 2003 to December 2007，and project execution agency is China Association of Rural Energy Industry（CAREI）.The objective of the project is through application of advanced rural renewable energy technologies and products to improve the quality of domestic energy use，enhance the ecological environment and promote local economic development.
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The implementation of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project has attracted great attention from relevant departments of the Chinese Government and the Royal Netherlands Embassy to China，and local governments of project demonstration sites have also rendered great support to the construction of the project.The Project Steering Committee consisting of leaders and officials from the Ministry of Commerce，the Ministry of Agriculture and the Netherlands Embassy to China，the highest project decision making body，convenes working meeting annually to attend reports on project progress，discuss and make decisions on important issues pertaining to the project，and supervise and guide project implementation and development.
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Project implementation in the past five years has come to fruition that can be summarized in the following four aspects from the viewpoints of development：（i）the rationale of serving farmers is established；（ii）advanced and appropriate technologies are selected；（iii）practical and effective measures are taken；and（iv）sustainable development model is explored.The management experiences，technological models as well as the mechanism of promoting sustainable development built through the project are applicable not only to the western regions of China，but also to similar national projects of China and other developing countries.
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In order to present the results of project implementation，experts and the project management developed the thematic essay collection of the practical explorations and studies implemented in the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project in the past 5 years，including development policy，technological innovation，technology importation，management innovation，assessment of results，practical exploration，market promotion and selected essays from the international workshop.It is rich in content and the Project Steering Committee hopes it is of good reference to colleagues both at home and abroad and to relevant departments.
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At the occasion of publishing of this essay collection and on behalf of the Department of International Cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture，I owe my gratitude and sincere appreciation to all those who have participated and supported the project implementation，including colleagues of the Department of International Economic and Trade Relations of the Ministry of Commerce，the Department of Science，Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture，H.E.Dr.Philip de Heer and Mr.D.J.Van den Berg，Ambassadors，Mr.Mirtien Beek，First Secretary of the Royal Netherlands Embassy to China，Ms.Deng Keyun，the Project Manager，all experts and management staffers and the participants who made their praiseworthy endeavor and valuable contributions to the successful implementation of the Sino-Dutch Co-Project.
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Renewable Energy Serving Farmers-A Buttress to Socialist New Countryside Construction
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Firstly，the rationale of service provision
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the objective of popularizing renewable energy technologies in rural areas is to provide advanced energy technologies to farmers，assisting them improve living conditions and supporting socialist new countryside construction through renewable energy development in rural areas.The essence of the project is to serve farmers，not only in terms of technical services，but also new concepts and rationales in living and production.The rationale of serving is the concrete reflection of the scientific development outlook of putting people first.
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Secondly，systematic planning
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in order to fully reflect the rationale of service provision，the project is designed systematically，including four components of capacity building，demonstration site construction，importation of biogas power generation technologies and dissemination and extension.The objective of capacity building is to address the obstacle of shortage of human resources as well as weak foundation of renewable energy in western rural areas of China so as to improve the capacity of service provision.Demonstration site construction is the essence of project development，which aims at the establishment of 14 demonstration sites in Gansu，Sichuan，Hubei and Hunan.Advanced and mature rural renewable energy technologies and products are used in the demonstration sites for optimized combination in line with local actual situation to improve energy use of poverty-stricken rural areas，to promote farmers’ income growth，which is the practical manifestation of the rationale of serving farmers.A livestock farm in the western region is selected to implement the construction of demonstration project of importation of advanced biogas power generation technologies from overseas and it presents one of the ways of accelerating the application and popularization of biogas technologies and broadening service scope.Strengthening dissemination and extension of the project is an important measure of promoting its sustainable development and realizing the overall project objectives，and a useful tool to provide services to farmers in terms of building awareness，understanding and appreciating the benefits of renewable energy.The four components supporting each other constitute the integrity of the project.
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Thirdly，programmatic measures
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in order to serve farmers，the project management adopted programmatic measures of the following three categories：（i）in line with the differences in the targets and activities of service，the project is further divided into three groups of basic，demonstration and public goods projects，which are managed accordingly；（ii）goods and service suppliers are identified through public biding process to achieve guaranteed quality of products and service；and（iii）the role of experts has been fully taken into play in the entire process of project implementation from planning，design and construction.Whenever technological issues are involved in the process，experts will be on-the-spot to safeguard the quality of project construction.According to statistics，the number of on-site visits of experts has exceeded 800man-days for field supervision and guidance，which has become one of the outstanding features of this project.
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Fourthly，long-term visions
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the objective of the project is to provide practical and sustained services to a greater number of farmers；therefore，the project has consistently attached importance to sustainable development issues.Result-based approach encouraged farmers to receive services，improved follow-up management and post-construction service arrangement enabled farmers to enjoy sustained service，and timely dissemination and extension facilitated more farmers to get such services.At present，the experiences of project construction have been rapidly disseminated in the adjacent areas of the demonstration sites.For instance，the public goods project in village primary schools in the demonstration sites in Langzhong，Enshi and Yongshun has been recognized by local and national governments as the model of “ecological school campus” to be widely popularized in local areas and nationwide.Service capacity building in project demonstration villages and education activities in renewable energy in schools have laid solid foundation for the sustainable development of the project area.
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Experiences achieved through the project implementation have been systematically summarized by the technical experts and project contractors from different perspectives and fields of experiences.The contents of this volume of collected works present the essence of such experiences and findings.It is the sincere hope that this project can provide reference and experience to areas with similar conditions in China as well as in other developing countries for the development of rural renewable energy.
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1.Development Policy
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Role of Demonstration of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
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1.Selection of practical technologies suitable to local conditions revealed the correct development horizon of renewable energy technologies
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The technologies adopted in the project such as household biogas digester，solar water heater，solar dwelling，photovoltaic power generation，small wind turbine power generation and micro hydropower are mature and practical technologies suitable to local resource，environment and conventions.Farmers can learn and use such technologies without difficulties and can feel tangible convenience and benefits，therefore such technologies are warmly received by farmers.In the process of using and disseminating these technologies，combination models of better-off courtyard as “one biogas digester and five renovations”，ecological homestead model of “pig production-biogas and fruit orchard”，wind and photovoltaic hybrid power generation system and integrated application model of energy saving technologies in agricultural product processing have been established，which not only demonstrated the functions and advantages of technology combination，but also incorporated rural renewable energy technologies into agricultural production and environment protection.It facilitated farmers’ income growth，improved sanitation of rural areas，promoted benign cycle of ecological agriculture and fully reflected the correct direction for the development of rural renewable energy technologies.
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2.Rational fund use and appropriate allocation led to fruition
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Project fund comes from the grant of the Netherlands，local government counterpart funds as well as equity of project beneficiaries-local farmers，which is very important.After education and training，farmers spontaneously participated in project implementation and covered some of the costs，through which farmers in real terms participated in project construction，rather than relying on favors of others，and project activities are driven by farmers themselves.As such，farmers cared about the project，seriously learnt technologies and carefully operated the facilities to achieve practical results.
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Fund allocation followed the functions of three categories of projects，i.e.basic，demonstration and public goods projects，of which，basic projects that are most closely related to the improvement of household energy use were mainly covered by project funds，while farmers’ contribution accounted for only 39%.In order to promote industry structure adjustment，beneficiaries contributed a larger share to the demonstration projects that aimed at increasing farmers’ income through application of renewable energy and energy conservation technologies.Public goods projects that targeted at demonstrating new technologies and expanding project beneficiaries，such as ecological school campus construction，were completely provided by the project.Practices have proven that such fund allocation approach enabled effective use of project funds and reflected the principle of fair and equitable distribution of funds and that those who benefit more should contribute more.
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Another feature of fund use of the Sino-Dutch cooperation project was the fund flow since the intermediary stages and possibilities of fund withholding were reduced to the minimum，which facilitated project funds to reach project activities directly and enabled farmers to benefit from such contribution in real terms.It also stimulated farmers’ contribution and local governments’ counterpart funding，joint funds achieved greater effects.
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3.Clearly defined and well-established project objectives facilitated smooth project implementation
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The Sino-Dutch cooperation project not only has technology application and demonstration，but also technology importation，capacity building and dissemination，an integrated project with both software and hardware components.Demonstration in 14 villages in the 4 project provinces is the basic contents of “Technology application”，which directly benefits farmers.Excellent design，well-organized construction and good operation ensured the practical benefits of the project.“Technology importation” enabled the project to keep pace with the development both at home and overseas in terms of technology level and facilitated the project to achieve better implementation results.Capacity building targeted at provision of training services so that more farmers could learn and use technologies to ensure lasting effects of the project，meanwhile，it established monitoring and market access system for technologies and products，creating good market environment for up-scaling and market driven operation of the project.Dissemination and extension is dedicated to expand and disseminate the demonstration effects of the project through the network.
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The integrity in contents and structure of the Sino-Dutch cooperation project not only guaranteed the achievements of the planned objectives，but also provided technological，capacity and market space to the project development objectives，i.e.demonstration and dissemination.
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4.Innovation in project organization and management ensured quality of project implementation
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The selection of demonstration sites and technologies is finalized after full studying and debating by relevant experts with master，design and construction plans developed.During project implementation，experts went to project sites and delivered hands-on coaching，through which farmers got good training and actively participated in project implementation.Most equipment and products needed in the project are determined through competition and bidding.In order to ensure quality，constructors strictly followed standards and procedures combined with technological monitoring，indicator measuring（indoor environment monitoring of kitchen and living rooms in particular），mid-term review and post evaluation of the project.Through such practices，the project garnered large amount of information and data in project implementation，conducive to further standardization of market for rural renewable energy development.
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5.Project explored ways of rural renewable energy development based on market mechanism and with government policy support
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Project implementation over 4 years has come to fruition.The number of direct beneficiaries of the project demonstration sites has reached 2380households of 12000farmers with women and children making up the largest proportion.On average，cooking and other labor requirement for each household on average is reduced by about 5hours，the sanitation and air quality of kitchen has been significantly improved（there are measured data available），and cases of respiratory，lungs and eye diseases of women have been reduced to some extent.There are 26 elementary schools in the beneficiary project villages and the beneficiaries of instructors and pupils are over 10000.The per capita net income of farmers in the 14 project beneficiary villages in 2005 was 25% higher than in 2003，apparently，the construction and operation of the Sino-Dutch cooperation project has made its contribution.
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In addition to the practical results，the Sino-Dutch Cooperation project also provided us with valuable experiences and rationales.Firstly，project turned rural energy development into farmers own needs and their own endeavor.Farmers are the key players and only when they have the enthusiasm to engage in rural renewable development，there are then the demands，motivation and inputs，as a result，market can be established.Entirely relying on the state and local authorities，demonstration projects can be implemented，but it is difficult to establish an industry and market.Secondly，project construction can not be achieved without the financial support of the state，especially in rural China and the less-developed western regions of the country.The good results of project implementation attracted more and more input of farmers，in the project implementation for example in some demonstration villages in Sichuan，preferential micro credit was attempted to assist farmer raise fund，and such experiences are worthy of full acknowledgement.As for fund use is concerned，technology application and demonstration and technology importation of the Sino-Dutch cooperation project accounted for about 40% of the total project costing（excluding the part raised by farmers），in other words，large proportion of the fund was used for service system，training，dissemination and standard formulation.It demonstrated that the construction of the project itself was of course important，but the consolidation of project achievements and the impact of the demonstration achievements as well as the establishment of the entire extension mechanism and market can not be separated from capacity building.More input is needed.In recent years，the Chinese Government has invested substantially in order to promote rural energy development，socialist new countryside construction and go-west strategy，with such investments many large-scale programs have been implemented；as a result，various types of rural energy technologies have been extensively used with rapid popularization and good practical results.Comparing with the significant achievements of the Sino-Dutch cooperation Project，projects that relied on government behavior for organization，management and fund input are easy to fall into the trap of pursuing quantitative targets，political and local government performance gains，while fund is mainly invested on the construction of infrastructure neglecting investment in software and market system development，consequently，project achievements can not be sustained and up-scaling is even more difficult.In fact，it is very difficult to completely rely on government input and administrative means to achieve healthy and sustainable rural energy development in rural China.From this perspective，the Sino-Dutch cooperation project indeed provided some experiences of good value.
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The exploration and utilization of renewable energy will be the inevitable choice for future energy development in China，it plays a vital role in increasing China’s international competitiveness in energy，uplifting energy supply security，mitigating global climate warming and environment pollution，as well as in promoting social and national economic development of China in a speedy and health manner.Early this year，the National Development and Reform Commission officially promulgated the Medium and Long Term Development Plan of Renewable Energy of China and the 11th Five Year Plan of National Social and Economic Development，which clearly outlined that the exploration of renewable energy will reach 111million TCE and 268million TCE（excluding large and medium hydropower）by 2010 and 2020 respectively，which will be 4.3% and 8.8% of the total energy demand of the entire country by then.This is a grandiose and arduous task.However，facing the current situation of energy development in rural China，one can feel even heavier tasks for the development and utilization of renewable energy.The total energy consumption of rural China in 2006 was 917million TCE accounting for 40% of the national total，and it was 2.8 times of the total consumption of 328million TCE in 1980，maintaining an annual average growth rate of 4.03%.Looking at the structure of energy products in rural areas，the proportion of the commercial energy in the total energy consumption of rural areas in 2006 was 595million TCE accounting for 64.8% of the total energy consumption of rural areas，which is 5.51 times of the commercial energy consumption of 108million TCE in rural areas in 1980，an annual average increase of 6.8%，far above the national average commercial energy consumption growth of 5.2% during the same period.In other words，the state each year will have to allocate more and more commercial energy to meet the needs of rural areas，which not only increases the pressure to national energy supply and energy security，but also extends pollution to rural areas，severely threatening ecological environment security of rural areas.In the past 20 years，the state has made tremendous efforts and implemented large number of projects of exploring local renewable energy resources such as biogas，small hydropower and solar energy，the total exploration had reached 52million TCE by the end of 2006，but renewable energy only accounted for 5.6% of the energy consumption in rural areas.Therefore，it is imperative to strengthen the development of renewable energy in rural China，especially in rural west of China.The strategies of western region development，socialist new countryside development as well as the Law of Renewable Energy of the People’s Republic of China provided opportunities to the development of renewable energy in rural China.The successful implementation of the Sino-Dutch cooperation project including the selection of project objective and technologies，project funding arrangement，capacity building as well as the management model has provided good experiences.We believe that with the support of the central government，a platform will be established for the development of renewable energy resources in China to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers and enterprises，the planned objective of rural renewable energy development in China will be realized.
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[1]Department of Science，Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture，2006 National Rural Renewable Energy Statistics，June 2007
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[2]National Development and Reform Commission：Medium and Long-term Development Plan of Renewable Energy，published on NARC website in July 2007
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[3]Wang Qingyi，2006 Energy data：Sustainable Energy in China，David and Lucy Park Foundation，2006
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[4]The Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project Management Office：Project Newsletter NO.4th-12th，August 2006
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[5]The Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project Management Office：Report on Project Progress，document of the fourth expert consultation，August 2006
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Exploration on Sustainable Development Mechanism for Rural Renewable Energy Projects
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0.Introduction
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The objective of exploring the sustainable development mechanism is to summarize and analyze the role played and benefits received by stakeholders involved in the demonstration site construction，explore ways of establishing sustainable development mechanism and its use in the piloting sites.It is also to summarize experiences for further dissemination and upscaling of the project and provide references to other regions in China and similar areas of other countries for dissemination of renewable energy technologies.
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1.Symbols and conditions for realizing sustainable development
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1.1 Symbols for realizing sustainable development
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The realization of sustainable development is to ensure that the project can operate in a sustainable manner.The milestones of establishing sustainable operation mechanism are reflected in the following two aspects.
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（1）The constructed project can continue to effectively operate without external support after completion.Through management and service systems established during project construction，renewable energy technologies can operate normally within the life cycle.
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（2）The successful operation models and experiences of renewable energy technologies of the project in rural areas can be replicated in other regions with similar conditions，up-scaling of renewable energy technologies will enable more farmers and more renewable energy enterprises to benefit from such technologies.It will hence contribute to integrated use of renewable energy in China.
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1.2 Conditions for realizing sustainable development
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Realization of sustainable development must comply with the following conditions：
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（1）Suitable renewable energy technologies and their combination models：in line with local natural conditions and economic development of different regions，there should be suitable renewable energy technology for dissemination and models of integrated use of energy.Furthermore，the most important thing for extension of renewable energy in rural areas is to increase farmers’ income.Only when the interests of farmers and the technology suppliers are secured，can the development of the entire industry of rural renewable energy be promoted.
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（2）Renewable energy technological service system with specialized service and real estate property management approaches：strengthening the construction of renewable energy technological service system in rural areas is the important basis to ensure that renewable energy technologies can be used properly and can achieve the due benefits，which is related to the sustained healthy development of the project and the interest of farmers who have built biogas digesters.It is an important agenda for future extension of the project.
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Figure 1 Symbols and conditions of sustainable development
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（3）Strong policy support and adequate financing from multiple channels.The extension of renewable energy technologies in rural areas is very sensitive to policies.In order to realize the overall project objectives，there must be strong policy support.
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2.Identification of technology models and guaranteeing the benefits of stakeholders
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2.1 In line with actuality，12 items of mature technologies are selected
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All the 14 demonstration sites villages in the 7 counties of 4 project provinces are poverty-stricken areas.Therefore，the selected technologies must be those that have been extensively used in the country and have proven good benefit can be achieved.Considering the features that there are rich solar energy resources in the semi-arid mountainous regions，abundant biogas resources in low hilly areas，amble biomass and micro hydropower resources in Wuling Mountainous areas and readily available wind resources in Honghu Lake areas，the project identified 12 items of rural renewable energy technologies that are scientifically combined to different models as：household biogas digester，small livestock farm biogas project，high efficiency stove，solar water heater，passive solar energy use dwelling，high efficiency pre-manufactured lifted Kang，solar warm poultry shed，plastic greenhouse，small wind turbine generator，solar photovoltaic power generation，micro hydropower and energy conservation technologies in agricultural product processing.
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2.2 Three categories of projects are implemented in line with local conditions
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Considering local resources，social context and production activities，project construction activities in demonstration villages are grouped into three categories as：basic，demonstration and public goods projects.
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（1）Basic projects are those technology combinations can bring about benefit to most farmers and directly contribute to the objectives of the demonstration site construction.Such combinations can facilitate achieving project objectives，establishing project construction scale and reaching extensive coverage.Examples are the household biogas digester project（including one biogas digester and five renovations），high efficiency firewood（coal）saving stoves，and household water heading facilities.
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（2）Demonstration projects are project activities that meet the needs of the locals and can play important role in helping farmers shake off poverty，promote economic development and improve ecological environment.For instance，small livestock farm biogas projects，solar dwelling and sheds，solar greenhouse，drying facilities in agricultural product processing，small hybrid of wind and photovoltaic power system and small photovoltaic public facilities.
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（3）Public goods projects are activities that use renewable energy and energy conservation technologies to improve the sanitation conditions of rural elementary schools and homes of the seniors，resolve the problems of energy shortage in cooling，bathing，boiling water and lighting，better the working conditions for education and health care in poor rural areas.Those technologies are highly replicable to surrounding areas of the demonstration sites.
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Practices have proven that the establishment of the three categories of projects are scientifically sound with high accuracy of targeting and significant achievements，which also has guiding significance to the rural renewable energy development in the future，and fully demonstrated the thoughts of integrated construction and sustainable development.
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2.3 Ensuring the benefits of all stakeholders through technological control
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Starting from the very beginning，the project recruited national renewable energy specialists from different fields who participated in technological design，selection and implementation and technical guidance provision to the project.The selected technologies and products are mature and reliable with reasonable prices，and comply with the standard and safety requirements as well as the conditions of three warranty and after-sale service.During the process of project implementation，technical training is offered for different tasks at different stages，and such measures ensured the benefits of key stakeholders.
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Through the construction of demonstration villages，the direct beneficiary farmer households in the 14 villages are 2380with direct beneficiaries of 11900people.The beneficiary primary schools are 11 including over 10000teachers and pupils.Comparing with that in 2003，the per capita average net income of farmers increased by 52% in the 14 demonstration villages.Surveys carried out at the end project implementation，the per capita net income of farmers of the project villages was 4928RMB Yuan，which 33.8% higher than non-project villages with similar social and economic conditions.
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The construction of the project brought about direct benefit to the suppliers of renewable energy products.Enterprise of solar water heaters，high efficiency stoves，small wind turbine generator units and biogas burners can generate sales revenue of 3.41million RMB Yuan，while the market price is basically equal to that in local market，even if the price is slightly lower（the suppliers were selected through public bidding process），the benefits of the enterprise are ensured by timely payment from the project.
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The success of the demonstration projects mobilized the enthusiasm of local governments and farmers for developing renewable energy technologies.Local governments of the demonstration sites have formulated plans to continue to expand the scale of renewable energy development following the model of the project.Since participating enterprises and technicians accumulated experiences through project implementation，they also win the trust of the government and farmers；therefore，in the project dissemination plan，these enterprises and technicians obtained priority opportunities of participation.Along with the implementation of the dissemination plan，they will continue to provide service and benefit from doing so.
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3.How to establish technical service system with specialized service and real estate management style
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3.1 Principles and factors to be considered for establishing technical service system
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First category：commodity popularization project
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the feature of this category of projects is that the technology of renewable energy is reflected through a specific product that has become a commodity.In the demonstration site construction of the project，such products are supplied by the bid winning enterprises that are also responsible for installation and training，such as solar water heater，wind turbine power generators and solar road lamps，etc.
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Second category：engineering project
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the characteristic of this category of projects is that the technology of renewable energy is reflected through engineering works，i.e.renewable energy is used through constructed engineering works.The projects need to be designed by specialized institutes，construction should be done by specialized construction firms，and construction materials are invested to establish fixed assets that can have lasting benefits，such as small biogas engineering projects and micro hydropower generation projects.
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Third category：dispersed and non-commercialized project
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this category of projects is similar to the basic projects mentioned in early sections of this article，but with differences as well.First of all，the users of the project are dispersed farmer households，even construction materials are invested to form fixed assets as household biogas digesters，the scale is very small and its use is limited to a particular household；secondly，many projects are constructed by hands without much specialized construction as the “three renovations” or “five renovation”；thirdly，some of the projects have industrialized the initial stages of construction，but the after sale service system is yet to be set up and market operation system needs to be established；fourthly，this category of projects should not include the projects with commodities provided by the market（the first category），however，there is overlapping，such as biogas burner and biogas water heaters，etc.
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Of the above categories，the management for the third category of technical projects is most complicated，with the use and management of household biogas technology as a representative.
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3.2 Will and operation management framework of stakeholders
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Aspects closely related to sustainable development of the project include farmer households，villager committee，energy office，biogas technician and enterprise，and their respective responsibilities，behavior and interest are the basis of operation management mechanism framework design.At the present stage，energy office，biogas technicians and farmers are the major factors of project operation.The responsibilities and resources of the energy office can lead the development of the project，while the skills of the biogas technicians are most important，however，whether the project can succeed or not depends on farmer households.The relevant interest of the villager committee is a type of potential market.The energy office wants to develop the industry，biogas technicians need reasonable income，only when the relations of the stakeholders hare properly handled can the project operation last.In accordance with the role and willing of stakeholders，their mutual relation in the project management can be proposed as in table 1.
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Table 1 Wills and thoughts for development of stakeholders
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The framework of sustainable operation management mechanism of the project is demonstrated in figure 2.Service provision organizations and farmers constitute the mainstream of the mechanism，while energy office and villager committee have supporting and coordinating role.
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Figure 2 Management framework for sustainable project operation
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Service provision organization：it can be an enterprise，or organized by a group such as a particular agricultural technological association or renewable energy association，or even individual biogas technician（it depends on the management and service scale required）.In other words，service provision organization can be a service company（a real estate property management company），association or technician.The responsibilities of the service provision organization are to provide services in line with the requirements of farmers and collect service charges as stipulated in the contract.Service provision organizations are subject to the supervision and guidance of energy office and recommend solutions the energy office for problems encountered in service provision.
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Farmer households：farmer households are the target of service provision organizations，which have the rights to propose suggestions and opinions to the service organization for problems related to service.Meanwhile，they need to shoulder service charges.Farmers can also report to village committee and energy office about issues pertinent to service provision.
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Energy office：the office represents the government and promotes the development of rural energy industry.It will guarantee the interests of farmer households，take charge in supervising and guiding service organizations to make sure that they fulfill their obligations.It also has the obligations of addressing issues raised by service organizations，farmer households and villager committees.In particular，it will provide necessary support such as policy support and/or initial startup funding to the market operation of service organizations.
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Villager committee：it is a coordination organ among the stakeholders and assists information sharing and organization.
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3.3 Project operation management model
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2.Technology Innovation
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Design of Demonstration Villages for Integrated Renewable Energy Development in Western China
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0.Introduction
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In January 2003，the Chinese and the Netherlands Governments started the implementation of a cooperation project of “Promotion of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas of the Western Region of China” with the overall objectives of improving energy use structure through integrated exploration and development of renewable energy resources，uplifting farmers’ energy consumption and bettering the quality of domestic energy use of farmers of rural areas of the western region.The project therefore aims at promoting farmers income growth，reducing poverty，improving local ecological environment and promoting the realization of the strategic objectives of western region development.
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The Cooperation Project prompted us to reflect：how to use renewable energy technologies to serve farmers in their production and daily life？How can the demonstration sites after project implementation continue to play the due role in the future？These questions should be answered at the project design stage.
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The project established demonstration sties in 14 villages in 7 counties of Gansu，Sichuan，Hubei and Hunan provinces.In line with the local renewable energy resources of each demonstration village，the project adopted modern high efficiency energy conversion technological facilities and their combination to meet the objective of improving domestic energy use of farmers and bettering the quality of their life.
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This article systematically summarizes the preparatory work，i.e.engineering design of the construction of demonstration villages in the hope that it will be of reference value to future integrated renewable energy development projects in the rural areas of western China.The logical framework of the project engineering design is shown in figure 1.
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Figure 1 Design process framework
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1.Clearly understanding about the target，objective and goal of engineering design
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1.1 Farmers and farmer households are the targets of service，reflecting the scientific development outlook of putting people first.
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Using renewable energy technologies as a means to directly serve farmers and farmer households in the rural areas of western China，providing advanced energy technology equipment and products and assisting farmers to better their living conditions is one of the important contents of socialist new countryside construction.The essence of rural renewable energy development is to serve farmers，providing not only technical service，but also service in improving their mentality in production and living.
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1.2 Objective of engineering design is to improve farmers’ energy use，better living environment and increase farmers’ income.
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In the poverty-stricken areas of the western regions，most farmers at present still rely on crop stalk，firewood and coal as domestic fuel source.The development of rural energy is to fully use locally available renewable energy resources，through modern high efficiency conversion technologies and processes and their combination，it is to change energy use structure to establish domestic energy use model with high quality green fuel as the mainstay，improve domestic energy use and the quality of life and promote rural economic development.
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1.3 The design must focus on the project objectives as the project is identified
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●The requirements of common objectives：
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-The proportion of high quality energy used by farmers will significantly increase，which should be greater than 50% in cooking fuel；
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-Through integrated use of renewable energy technologies，the per capita income of project households after 3 years will increase by over 1000RMB Yuan；
|
||
-Problems caused to the ecological environment due to shortage of fuel will be effectively mitigated，which will render support to ecological environment development as arable land conversion.
|
||
-The quality of indoor air of the farmer households will be improved；
|
||
-Farmer’s lifestyle and production methods will be improved.
|
||
●The beneficiary groups must be considered at project design：
|
||
-Farmer households in project villages，especially women and children who should directly benefit from project through design；
|
||
-Rural energy technicians of the county where the project village is located will benefit through the construction，training，study tour and construction of the project village；
|
||
-Relevant renewable energy enterprises will benefit through provision of renewable energy products and technical service；
|
||
-Villages in the proximity of the demonstration village as well as the county where the demonstration village is located will benefit thanks to the effects of the project.
|
||
2.Design process
|
||
2.1 Full and comprehensive study of the project village is the first and foremost stage of project design
|
||
Experts in association with staffers of local rural energy offices，through individual interview and discussions，carried out thorough study about the situation of the entire village.The baseline data built up through study for the project included the following aspects：
|
||
●Profile of the project village：structure of farmer households，industry structure，development plan，agricultural and its by-product processing and revenue，land，forestland，primary school，clinic，seniors’ home，etc.
|
||
●Farmer households：it includes living and production activities，income and expenditure，education and energy consumption，etc.
|
||
●Farmers’ understanding about biogas and other renewable energy and farmers’ capacity in raising funds for the project.
|
||
●Energy resources of the village，energy use facilities and accounting.
|
||
●Visited county meteorological station，agricultural and forestry bureau in order to understand the resources of agriculture，forestry and meteorology.
|
||
2.2 Experts visited farmer household and jointly completed design with farmers
|
||
●Experts and the county PMO went to village and delivered information to farmers about the significance and objective of the project and how they can benefit from the project.
|
||
●Through diversified approaches，it is to present renewable energy technologies/facilities and energy conservation facilities in rural areas to farmers（refer to section 3 of this article：Selection of technologies and models）.
|
||
●In line with the will of farmers，experts discussed with farmers about technologies to be selected.According to the project subsidy and farmers’ capacity of financing，initial design is worked out as well as the courtyard layout.
|
||
2.3 Analysis of the basic facts and data of the project village provided foundation for project design.
|
||
The basic information of the project village and farmer households is contained in the following 8 tables，which are the baseline data for project design：
|
||
Table 1 Registration form of project households of the project village；
|
||
Table 2 Request for project activities of households of the project village
|
||
Table 3 Map of the project household
|
||
Table 4 Registration for public goods projects in project village
|
||
Table 5 Prices survey of local construction materials and labor
|
||
Table 6 Prices survey of local energy
|
||
Table 7 Investment costing of civil works of household biogas digester
|
||
Table 8 Overall investments costing of project activities in project village
|
||
In line with the above data as well as the industrial development plan of the project village，experts had discussions with villagers committee and village Party Branch Secretary to rationally arrange the identified demonstration projects of various types.
|
||
2.4 Design Report is the guiding document of project construction
|
||
The report of engineering design of the project village is the output of joint efforts of the project technical experts，local rural energy office，villagers’ committee and farmer households.
|
||
The outline of the report of engineering design for demonstration sites of the Cooperation Project is present below：
|
||
A.Overview
|
||
B.Profile of the demonstration site
|
||
Social，economic，ecological and energy status of the village of the project county；its development plan and needs for energy；
|
||
C.Project objective
|
||
D.Selection of technologies and models
|
||
In line with background and objective，appropriate technologies and models（including public goods projects）are selected on the basis of major technical and economic parameters of such technologies and models（refer to sections 4.2 and 7.1）.
|
||
E.Selection of project households and project layout
|
||
Criteria for farmer household selection
|
||
Scale and model of project household
|
||
List of project households（aggregated by village）
|
||
F.Aggregation of workload
|
||
Selection of equipment and material-according to technologies and model
|
||
Overall requirement for construction
|
||
G.Investment costing
|
||
Equipment，material，labor；subsidy，funds raised by farmers and local counterpart funds
|
||
H.Result forecast（energy，economy，ecology，living environment and life）
|
||
Once the engineering design report is completed，usually a concise summary report on engineering design is developed for the perusal of the upper level management.
|
||
Column 1 Twelve annexes to the Report of Engineering Design
|
||
Annex 1： Map of the project county and village；
|
||
Annex 2： Design for project households（one page for each household，refer to table 2 and 3 of the survey）；
|
||
Annex 3： construction blueprint，construction requirements，basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of the selected household biogas digester；Annex 4：construction blueprint，construction requirements，basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，invest，result forecast，operation and maintenance of the selected small-scale biogas digester project；
|
||
Annex 5： construction blueprint，construction requirements（including a list of materials），basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of stoves；
|
||
Annex 6： construction blueprint，construction requirements（including a list of materials），basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of solar dwelling；
|
||
Annex 7： construction blueprint，construction requirements（including a list of materials），basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of solar greenhouse；
|
||
Annex 8： construction blueprint，construction requirements（including a list of materials），basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of solar water heater；
|
||
Annex 9： construction blueprint，construction requirements，basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of photovoltaic power generation facility；
|
||
Annex 10： construction blueprint，construction requirements（including a list of materials），basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of solar livestock and poultry sheds；
|
||
Annex 11： construction blueprint，construction requirements（including a list of materials），basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of micro hydropower facilities；
|
||
Annex 12： construction blueprint，construction requirements，basis for design，major technical parameters and performance，scale，distribution，investment，result forecast，operation and maintenance of wind turbine power generation.
|
||
3.Mature technologies/products available to the integrated renewable energy development project in rural areas of western China
|
||
3.1 Principle of technology selection
|
||
Technologies and equipment（products）have basically been standardized and commercialized and users can get socialized service，while non-standard technologies and equipment are designed in line with the requirements of project households and local conditions.
|
||
Technologies and equipment can significantly improve farmers’ energy consumption structure and increase the proportion of high quality energy.They can support local ecological environment improvement.Through exploration and development of renewable energy，it can directly and indirectly increase farmers’ income.
|
||
3.2 Selection of technologies
|
||
The following 12 technologies and products are recommended：
|
||
1）Household biogas digester and five renovations
|
||
2）Biogas projects for small-scale livestock farms of rural areas
|
||
3）High efficiency stove
|
||
4）Solar water heater
|
||
5）Passive solar dwelling
|
||
6）High efficiency pre-manufactured lifted Kang
|
||
7）Solar warm livestock and poultry sheds
|
||
8）Solar plastic greenhouse
|
||
9）Small wind turbine generator
|
||
10）Photovoltaic power generation
|
||
11）Micro hydropower production
|
||
12）Solar thermal pump
|
||
Column 2 National Standards for the 12 technologies adopted in the project
|
||
— The design of biogas digester implemented GB/T4750-2002（Standard Design Collection of Household Biogas Plants）.Pig and cattle manure is used as the raw materials for fermentation；the digester is removable cover cylinder type with separated floating cover.At the slurry exit side，a loader is installed；
|
||
— Construction of biogas digester followed GB/T4750-2002（Standards for Household Biogas Digester Construction）；
|
||
— Installation of equipment followed GB/TF636-87（Standards for Pipelining Design of Household Biogas in Rural Areas）and GB/T7636-87（Standards for Construction of Pipeline of Household Biogas in Rural Areas）；
|
||
— Completion acceptance inspection follows GB/T4751-2002（Standards for quality inspection，completion acceptance inspection of household biogas digester）；
|
||
— Biogas burner and biogas rice cooker implement GB/T3006-2001 and GB/16410-1996，the bid winner products recommend by the state is selected；
|
||
— Small-scale biogas digester projects with volume larger 100m3 must be designed by qualified institute.
|
||
Solar water heater must comply with national standards，and products are procured through bidding following GB/T19145-2002（Technical Conditions of Household Solar Water Heater System）and NY/T513-2000（Supplementary heating sources of household water heater）.Installation and use will follow GB/T18713-2002（technical standards for design，installation and completion acceptance inspection of household solar water heater system）.
|
||
The design，construction，installation，completion acceptance inspection，discharge and management of biogas digester purifying domestic sewage follow the standards below：
|
||
— Standard for Design of Biogas Digester for Purification of Urban Domestic Sewage；
|
||
— Standard for Construction of Biogas Digester for Purification of Urban Domestic Sewage；
|
||
— Standard for Installation of Biogas Digester for Purification of Urban Domestic Sewage；
|
||
— Standard for Completion Acceptance Inspection of Biogas Digester for Purification of Urban Domestic Sewage；
|
||
— DB51/237.5-95（Standard for Management of Biogas Digester for Purification of Urban Domestic Sewage）；
|
||
— DB51/136-92（Standard for Discharge of Biogas Digester for Purification of Urban Domestic Sewage）；
|
||
The standards for small wind turbine generator system and wind photovoltaic hybrid system are the following：
|
||
— GB/19068.1-2003，part one：technical conditions of “Off grid wind turbine generator unit”；
|
||
— GB/T10760.1-2003，part one：technical conditions for “generator used in the off grid wind turbine power generation system”；
|
||
— GB/T9535 “Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic（PV）Modules-Design Qualification and Type Approval，IEC61215-1993”
|
||
— GB/T19115.1-2003，part one：technical conditions for “Off grid household photovoltaic and wind turbine hybrid power generation system”；
|
||
— JB/T6939.1-93，“technical conditions for small-scale wind turbine generator system；— JB/T6939.1-93，“technical conditions for inverter of small-scale wind turbine generator system”；
|
||
— GB/7646-1998，“Safety regulations of small-scale wind turbine generator system”；
|
||
— JB/T9653-1999，Industrial standards for energy storage type Pb battery；
|
||
— DL477-2001，Safety protocol for low voltage electric appliance
|
||
4.Selection of demonstration sites and combination of activities，scale and technologies
|
||
4.1 Selection of project counties and villages
|
||
In accordance with the stipulations of project identification，the criterions used for project county and village selection are the following：
|
||
1）The per capita average net income of rural population is lower than the provincial average；
|
||
2）Energy resources and farmers’ economic activities have certain features and can represent a larger area；
|
||
3）There is rural energy office established with full time rural energy administrators and work experiences；
|
||
4）Farmers are enthusiastic and have certain level of fund raising capacity（cash and labor）；
|
||
Finally，two villages out of each of the 7 counties of 4 provinces are selected as the demonstration village（refer to the color flyer）.
|
||
4.2 Activities and scale
|
||
From table 1，one can see that farmers selected several types of renewable energy technologies and products that are closely related to their interest，the greatest number indicates that farmers are most related to the technology/product.Of course，some facilities（such as solar water heater）that has significant role to play in improving living conditions are not in high demand since farmers can not afford it yet.
|
||
Table 1 Activity and quantity of construction of the Sino-the Netherlands Project
|
||
4.3 Determination of the five technological combinations for demonstration villages
|
||
In line with the resource features of the 14 demonstration villages and farmers’ will，12 technologies are recommended to establish optimized menu in order to the achieve comprehensive effects of its integrity.
|
||
The following five technological combinations should be given priority（practice has proven that the five technological combinations have good effects）.
|
||
1）Better-off courtyard construction featuring “one biogas digester and five renovations”
|
||
Based on biogas digester construction，renovation is carried out for kitchen，toilet，pig pen，courtyard and drinking water facilities in line with actual conditions.The manure is treated as energy resources，separation of human and livestock is realized，hence improving the living environment and quality of life.This model is adopted at 12 demonstration sites for the Cooperation Project except the two fishing villages in Honghu Lake area.It is the base model of the demonstration site construction.
|
||
2）Ecological homestead construction featuring “pig-biogas-fruit（vegetable，fish）production”
|
||
The technological combination focuses on integrated use of biogas，its slurry and fluid.The purpose is to extend agricultural industrial chain，adjust agricultural structure and increase income，examples are the five-in-one technology in Tianshui of Gansu，greenhouse mushroom production in Langzhong of Sichuan，greenhouse flower in Nanbu of Sichuan，greenhouse grape and cactus production in Yilong of Sichuan，“52 pear” orchard and kiwi production in Yongshun of Hunan.
|
||
3）Energy Conservation technologies in agricultural product processing：
|
||
Processing is an effective way of improving product quality，adding value and increasing income.In the demonstration site and in association with agricultural production structure adjustment，the project opens up new ways to boost income growth.Chrysanthemum drying processing facility in Nanbu of Sichuan，tobacco drying and processing facility in Yongshun of Hunan and Enshi of Hubei are set up.Project experts designed the chrysanthemum processing facility and checked the design of tobacco processing facility.It is expected that the energy conservation and economic benefit of the project will be significant and farmers’ income will increase.
|
||
4）Electricity generation for areas without access to power：
|
||
Using wind，photovoltaic and micro hydro power to resolve the problem of power supply is an effective avenue to reduce poverty and achieve electricity civilization of areas without power.The 300W wind turbine generator in Honghu Lake areas produces 0.6-0.8 kWh daily，which can meet the needs of lighting，powering TV and charging mobile phone，hence it assists fisherman access market information.Plus a 20-30W photovoltaic panel，reliable and all weather power supply is realized.The micro hydropower plant of 16kW in Yongshun supplies power to 31households and part of the agricultural processing with stable power，the annual average power use of each household is over 500kWh.
|
||
5）Ecological energy school campus：
|
||
This is a technical combination developed by this project，with small domestic sewage biogas digester，high efficiency biomass stove and boiler，solar water heater，energy conservation lamp and photovoltaic application as the major contents，the primary schools of the 14 demonstration villages are built into renewable ecological energy school campus.This is the first time that such construction model is established and implemented in China.It not only turns wastes and manure of school into biogas for cooking and high efficiency organic fertilizer for vegetable garden of the school，but also supplies boiled water for drinking and bathing.It provides a good platform for teachers and students of the school to understand renewable energy，its impacts have extended to the surrounding rural areas.
|
||
4.4 Construction activities in demonstration villages are classified as three types
|
||
From the construction activities of table 1，one can see that renewable energy development with the objectives of poverty reduction and improving life quality in the western regions of China should be implemented by phases considering resources and funding situations，furthermore，policy and fund should be used to promote earlier implementation of activities that have sustainable development potentials and good economic and ecological effects.Therefore，we classified the construction activities of the demonstration village into three categories for easy management.
|
||
●Basic project：it involves all households and includes household biogas digester of 8-10m3，high efficiency stove，solar water heater and high efficiency pre-manufactured lifted Kang，and small wind turbine generator（different combinations in different province）
|
||
●Demonstration project：it is the category of projects that can assist local farmers shake off poverty，promote economic development and improve ecological environment，and play leading role to other areas.The project in particular advocates small-scale biogas digester projects in association with small livestock farms for integrated use of biogas，since biogas slurry and fluid can be used as organic fertilizer in greenhouse.Meanwhile，agricultural product processing（medicinal herbs and tobacco），small rainfall collection works for water saving irrigation and small wind turbine photovoltaic hybrid power generation system are the thrusts of this category.
|
||
●Public goods project：
|
||
Beneficiary group goes beyond demonstration villages，such as village primary school，clinic，and seniors’ homes.Ecological school in rural areas as an important content of integrated rural renewable energy development received sufficient attention.
|
||
5.Project investment
|
||
5.1 Principle for project investment
|
||
1）The principle that farmers will directly benefit from the project
|
||
Farmers are the major beneficiaries of the project.The objective of project investment is to improve the living conditions of rural poverty-stricken areas so as to achieve poverty reduction.
|
||
2）Farmers’ voluntary participation
|
||
Farmers would voluntarily register to participate in the project and should commit some counterpart funds，including providing necessary labor and construction materials.
|
||
3）The principle of equally stressing social public interest and ecological effects
|
||
For public goods facilities as rural middle and primary schools，the investment ratio of the project is appropriately increased so that more farmers can enjoy the benefits of project construction.
|
||
4）The principle of granting proper support to energy conservation technologies in production
|
||
For production activities with energy development and conservation and rather significant economic benefits，the beneficiary of production will provide most part of funds while the project subsidizes some to encourage the application of advanced energy technologies，lower energy consumption and increase income.
|
||
5.2 Project subsidy method
|
||
In order to realize fairness and rationality in project investment and fully tap the role of project funds，demonstration site construction is treated differently according to the category of activities.
|
||
●Funds needed for basic projects such as biogas digester，energy conservation stoves and small wind turbine power generation system will come from project funds supplemented by labor input of farmers.Those extremely poor farmers in the village will be completely covered by the project，so as to maximize beneficiary coverage in fund use.
|
||
Renovation of pig pen，toilet，kitchen，water supply and courtyards，as well as vacuum solar water heaters is covered by farmers with small amount of subsidy from the project.
|
||
●Demonstration projects：project investment should reflect the spirits of guiding and support.For projects with both energy development and good environmental effects such as passive solar dwelling，small biogas digester projects for livestock farms and micro hydropower，the subsidy ratio is higher.For energy conservation but production projects such as solar greenhouse（uses biogas slurry and fluid as high quality organic fertilizer），agricultural product drying facilities and water saving irrigation，the subsidy rate is lower and guidance is provided to the operator to increase the return rate of funds.
|
||
●Public goods project：all farmers can benefit from this categories of activities，such as rural energy ecological school construction and renovation of rural seniors’ homes，which are completely subsidized in order to better convey a new rationale in faster approach that the contribution of renewable energy and resources conservation and recycling is very important in the process of building new countryside and harmonious society.
|
||
5.3 Encouraging micro credit to be used in integrated rural renewable energy development
|
||
Integrated rural renewable energy development will play stronger and stronger role in socialist new countryside construction.At the same time of increased investment by the state，various financing mechanisms have been established.Micro credit is the most direct and most convenient way to access loan and RCC directly faces farmers，therefore，it will be a good financing business to use micro credit to support integrated rural renewable energy development.
|
||
6.Selection of equipment
|
||
6.1 Procurement of high quality equipment through open bidding
|
||
●Carry out detailed and careful study about the status，manufacturer，performance，price and service of equipment needed in the project；
|
||
●Issue bid invitation to manufacturers；
|
||
●Recruit first class national experts to establish an evaluation committee for each category of products；
|
||
●Evaluation is open and fair to make sure that the project will procure high quality products with reasonable prices.Then，a list of recommended products will be issued.The recommended enterprises are the best ones in the industry in the country and the products are the best ones available.The list of recommended enterprises and products is completely suitable to use in the design of the integrated rural renewable energy development projects for western China.Of course，along with time progresses，changes are inevitable to such products.
|
||
●The list of equipment of this project includes energy efficient stove，solar energy use equipment，biogas equipment，wind turbine generator unit，photovoltaic equipment，micro hydropower equipment，all of which are incorporated in the design documents.
|
||
●Equipment that can not be procured through centralized bidding，such as biogas digester construction，will be contracted to qualified constructors（national or provincial certificate holders）.
|
||
6.2List of material
|
||
The list includes the name，quantity，unit price，amount，origin and supplier of the major materials to be used in the project.
|
||
7.Benefit forecast
|
||
7.1 Calculation of energy conservation of the 12 technologies of integrated rural renewable energy development
|
||
Column 3 Calculation of energy conservation of 12 technologies
|
||
1）Biogas and its integrated use：
|
||
Energy effects：thermal value of biogas 5500kcal/m3，the annual gas production×5500kcal/m3÷7000kcal/kg= CE（kg）
|
||
Fertilizers effects：
|
||
The annual fluid production is 3 times of the volume of the biogas digester，and the slurry is 10% of fluid.
|
||
Each m3 fluid provides Ammonium sulfate1.25kg，Calcium superphosphate 1.0kg and Potassium chloride 0.375kg；
|
||
Each m3 slurry（wet）provides N 3-4kg，P 1.25-2.5kg and K 2-4kg；
|
||
The economic benefit of biogas fertilizer is about 200 Yuan calculated at the local chemical fertilizer prices.The yield increase of biogas fertilizer will not be counted to avoid double counting.
|
||
2）Small domestic sewage purification biogas digester：energy conservation is not calculated.Only the environment benefits are calculated，the price for urban domestic sewage discharge is 0.38 Yuan/t，other sectors is 0.20 Yuan/t.
|
||
3）Stove；energy conservation △E=E1-E2=E1×（1-η1/η2）；E1.E2 presents energy consumption before and after renovation；η1.η2 is the efficiency before and after renovation.
|
||
4）Solar water heater：each m2 of solar water heater substitute CE（kg/m2）180/first category，150/second category，120/third category and 90/fourth category；
|
||
5）Solar dwelling：each m2 of heating areas saves CE 20-24kg；
|
||
6）Stove connected with Kang：efficiency>75%，annual CE saved by lifted Kangis 0.8 T.
|
||
7）Solar livestock shed：each m2 substitute 10kg CE，the annual weight increase of pig is 250g，annual incremental is 90kg；
|
||
8）Solar greenhouse：unit area converted to CE（t/mu）is 8/first category，6.8/second category，5.9/third category and 5.0/fourth category；
|
||
9）Wind turbine generator：annual power output：W =（0.2-0.3）D2V2 n/2080 kWh；n-annual operation hours，D-diameter of blades m，V-velocity m/s
|
||
10）Photovoltaic battery：estimated according to solar radiation categories
|
||
11）Micro hydropower：E=（6-8）·Q·H net·T
|
||
E-annual power output kWh，Q-average flow in operation period m3/s，H net-average net water head during operation period m，T-generator operation time h
|
||
12）Energy saved and economic effects of energy conservation tobacco drying house：Each year each tobacco drying room dries 1400kg，1kg dried tobacco saves 1.0-1.2kg，each tobacco drying house saves 1.1 t of coal as the national average.Thanks to the improvement of the tobacco drying house structure，the quality of dried tobacco is improved by 0.5-1grade，the sale price is higher.
|
||
可再生能源服务于农民：中荷合作项目专题论文集：英文
|
||
Table 2 Environment effects of reduced TCE
|
||
7.2 Environment effects of integrated rural renewable energy development projects
|
||
As far as biomass energy as stalk and firewood is concerned，its CO2 emission is zero.The environmental effects are reflected through reduced coal use as well as emission reduction of SO2，NO2，CO2 and smoke dust by the TC substituted by new energy resources as biogas，solar，wind and micro hydropower.
|
||
Table 3 presents the results of calculation of annual energy，economic and environmental effects of the demonstration sites of the Cooperation Project.
|
||
Table 3 Projected effects of the demonstration sites of the Cooperation Project（year）
|
||
7.3 Benefit projection
|
||
According to the above calculation，the benefit projection of the Sino-the Netherlands project is presented in table 3.
|
||
8.Evaluation，approval and implementation of the design
|
||
8.1 Peer assessment
|
||
-After completion of project engineering design，the designers developed summary report for the design with attached lists of equipment，materials，costing and drawings，etc.
|
||
-The designers requested the upper level administration and buyers to assess the reports.
|
||
-The upper level administration and the buyer worked out a date and organized experts and relevant personnel from concerned departments for assessment.
|
||
8.2 Approval by competent administration for implementation
|
||
After assessment and examination，the design of construction engineering projects are submitted to the upper level competent administration for approval with which implementation can then start.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
Deng Keyun，et al：Theory and practice of integrated rural renewable energy development，China Environment Science Publishing House，January 2001
|
||
Technology Combination Model and Its Application in Demonstration Village Construction of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
|
||
1.Overview
|
||
The construction of demonstration sites is an important component of the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project.In association with the local resources，ecological environment，social and economic conditions and with the improvement of energy use of farmers in the western poverty-stricken areas，protecting the ecological environment，increasing farmers’ income and bettering farmer’s living conditions，and comprehensively developing and utilizing renewable energy as the objectives，the project selected different technologies and combinations that are used in the 14 demonstration villages in Gansu，Sichuan，Hubei and Hunan of the western poverty-stricken areas.The experiences accumulated at the demonstration sites provide valuable reference to the development of renewable energy in the western parts of China and other developing countries，helping farmers shake off poverty and improve the ecological environment.
|
||
2.Identification of technologies for demonstration and project categorization
|
||
2.1 Farmers selected technologies that meet their needs
|
||
Following project engineering design and in line with the resource and economic conditions of different regions and each demonstration village，12 items of renewable energy and energy conservation technologies in agricultural product processing are adopted to establish five different technological models for application（refer to table 1）.
|
||
Table 1 Technology selection and combination at demonstration villages
|
||
Table 1 Technology selection and combination at demonstration villages（continue）-1
|
||
2.2 Rational categorization of construction projects
|
||
The funds for demonstration site construction are used following the principles below：
|
||
●The principle that farmers will directly benefit from the project.Primary beneficiaries are farmers.It is to help them overcome poverty.
|
||
●The principle of voluntary signing in for project participation，and the participating farmer households need to pool in certain amount of fund and labor.
|
||
●The principle of stressing social and ecological benefits.
|
||
●The principle of giving appropriate support to energy conservation and production projects to guide the application of new technologies，reduction of cost and increasing income.
|
||
In order for the project to achieve its planned objectives and actively mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers，the project at its very beginning categorized project activities at the demonstration villages into the following groups in line with local resources，social context and production activities：
|
||
1）Basic projects：Basic projects are those technology combinations benefit farmers at large and directly contribute to the objectives of the demonstration site construction.Such combinations can facilitate realizing project objectives，establishing project construction scale and achieving extensive coverage and large number of activities.Examples are the household biogas digester project（including one biogas digester and five renovations），high efficiency firewood（coal）saving stoves，and household water heading facilities.Basic projects are 100% supported by project funds.
|
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2）Demonstration projects：Demonstration projects are those project activities that meet the needs of the locals and can play important role in helping farmers shake off poverty，promote economic development and improve ecological environment.For instance，small livestock farm biogas projects，solar dwelling and sheds，solar greenhouse，drying facilities in agricultural product processing，small hybrid of wind and photovoltaic power system and small photovoltaic public facilities.Demonstration projects are 30%-70% supported by project funds.
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3）Public goods projects：Public goods projects are those activities that use renewable energy and energy conservation technologies to improve the sanitation conditions of rural elementary schools and homes of the seniors，resolve the problems of energy shortage in cooling，bathing，boiling water and lighting，and improve the working conditions for education and health care in poor rural areas.Those technologies are highly replicable in surrounding areas of the demonstration sites.Public goods projects are 100% supported by project funds.
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Such categorized management and fund use modality are fair，open and transparent，hence farmers welcome the approach，and it demonstrated strong vitality and high efficiency in the process of demonstration site construction.
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3.Complete success of construction of demonstration sites
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By the end of December 2006，construction at the 14 demonstration villages had been completed.The accumulative investment had reached 28214545 RMB Yuan，accounting for 121.96% of the planned target，of which，the Netherlands’ grant input is 11 344 034 RMB Yuan accounting for 100.75% of the planned，the fund raised by farmers is 10880133 RMB Yuan accounting for 138.91% of the planned；the counterpart fund of local government is 5 990 378 RMB Yuan accounting for 148.2% the planned（refer to figure 1）.Counterpart fund of the local government is mainly used for renovating water supply facilities，roads and renovation of schools in the demonstration villages.Farmers raised more funds than the planned because they spontaneously adopted higher standards in the “three renovations or five renovations”.The construction activities completed in the 14 demonstration villages are summarized in table 2，3 and 4.
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Figure 1 Investment in at demonstration sites
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Table 2 Basic construction projects
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Table 3 Demonstration construction projects
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Table 4 Public welfare construction projects
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4.Rational combinations of renewable energy and energy conservation technologies increased farmers’ income
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4.1 Five types of technology combinations
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1）Better-off courtyard construction featuring “one biogas digester and five renovations”：based on the construction of biogas digester，renovations are carried to kitchen，toilet，pig pen，courtyard and drinking water supply system in line with local conditions.The manure is turned into energy，human and domestic animal are separated，which improved the residential environment and the quality of life.This is a universal model for all the demonstration sites of the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project（except for Honghu fishing village），it is the basic model for demonstration site construction.
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2）Ecological homestead construction featuring pig production-biogas digester and orchard：the technology combination featured on integrated use of technologies of biogas digesters（in particular fluid and slurry）.Through extending agricultural production chain and adjusting agricultural structure，it is to increase farmers’ income.For instance，mushroom production in solar greenhouse in Langzhong of Sichuan，flower production in greenhouse in Nanbu，cactus and grape production in greenhouse in Yilong，“52 pear” in the orchard of Yongshun，fertilizer application to kiwi production and five-in-one technologies in Tianshui of Gansu，all these are the results driven by this model in guiding agricultural production at the demonstration sites.
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3）Application of energy conservation technologies in agricultural product processing：this is an effective approach to improve product quality，increase added value and expand income sources.In association with agricultural production structure adjustment at the demonstration sites，the project opened up new sources of income generation.In Nanbu of Sichuan Province，the project improved the chrysanthemum drying process，the tobacco drying process in Enshi of Hubei and Yongshun of Hunan，with significant economic returns and substantive increase of farmers’ income.
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4）Energy ecological campus construction：the renewable energy ecological campus construction featuring small domestic sewage purification，energy efficiency biomass/pressed coal stoves，solar water heaters and the application of photovoltaic technologies is a brand new construction model proposed and implemented in the country，which has been implemented in the 11 primary schools in the 7 demonstration sites.It not only reflected social harmony，but also offered opportunities of educating the youth in sustainable development；hence the model has far reaching significance.
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5）Power supply to areas without access to grid：using wind，photovoltaic and micro hydropower to resolve the problem of power supply is an effective way of addressing poverty of areas without electricity and realizing electricity civilization.The wind turbine power generation system of 300 W can produce 0.6-0.8 kWh of power daily，the hybrid of wind plus photovoltaic system can supply power reliably under all circumstances，which not only meet the needs of fishermen for watching TV and lighting，but also assisted farmers keep touch with the outside world and the market.The micro hydropower unit of 16 kW in Yongshun provides stable power supply to 31households and to part of the agricultural product processing，the annual average electricity consumption is 500 kWh.
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4.2 Four types of construction models based on local conditions and mutual complementarities of multiple energy sources
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1）Construction model for arid and semi-arid areas in Gansu Province
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The annual average temperature of this region is 8 degrees and it is cold from October to next April.The annual precipitation is less than 400mm，extreme aridity and severe shortage of water resources are part of the life of the locals.The model focuses on the exploitation and utilization of solar energy，such as construction of passive solar energy use dwelling and lifted high efficiency warm bed（Kang），popularization of solar water heaters，solar warm shed for livestock，biogas and high efficiency biomass stoves，the package can completely resolve issues related to heating and cooking energy use.At the same time，it also made great efforts in constructing rainfall collection cisterns and popularizing water saving irrigation technologies，hence resolving one of the most important bottlenecks in the ecological agricultural production chain（solar warm shed for livestock-biogas-cistern-dripping irrigation-orchard），i.e.water shortage.It has effectively increased production and output value，and increased farmers’ income.
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Courtyard construction projects with solar thermal dwelling as the core in the Caoshi Village of Tianshui of Gansu has greatly improved the quality of life of farmers，now it has become a shining star in the new countryside construction program in the northwest，which has attracted wide attention.Many people come to the village to learn the experiences；the number of visitors to the village exceeded 20000in 2006.
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2）Construction model for low mountains and hilly areas in northeast Sichuan
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This area is a traditional crop and animal farming region dominated by low hills and poverty is a chronic problem to locals.Farmers are used to biogas already，therefore，the project wanted to fully use livestock production residues and other biological resources to achieve high quality ecological homestead construction featuring pig-biogas-orchard（flower），so as to better develop integrated use of biogas in association with solar greenhouse.The fluid and slurry of biogas can play important role in vegetable，mushroom，flower，cactus and grape production，which is a green food production chain and can increase yield and income.
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The better-off courtyard construction of “one biogas digester and five renovations” in association with high efficiency stoves and solar water heaters improved domestic energy use quality of farmers in an all-round way，farmers’ household courtyards became clean，tidy，civilized and healthy and the village as a whole is beautified.
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3）Construction model for poverty-stricken areas in Wuling Mountainous areas
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This model focuses on the construction of biogas and micro hydropower.Through “one biogas digester and five renovations”，it is to improve the living conditions of farmers.The extension of pig-biogas-fruit orchard ecological homestead construction promoted the development of courtyard economy.The exploitation of micro hydropower and the application of energy conservation technologies fueled local social and economic progress and improved living and residential conditions of farmers.Integrated use of biogas slurry and fluid provide fertilizer and pesticides to local kiwi and 52 pear production，hence establishing an ecological agricultural production chain of pig-biogas-fruit production，with significant effects in yield and income growth.The hydropower of mountainous areas is fully tapped integrating power generation with farmland irrigation，it also yielded satisfactory results.
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Tobacco leaf production is one unique industry for Enshi of Hubei and Yongshun of Hunan.The application of energy conservation technologies in tobacco leaf drying improved the quality of tobacco leaf，saved energy and increased farmers’ income.A new industry brought about prosperity to a poverty village.
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4）Construction model in lake areas
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This model can supply electric power to fishermen without access to grid in lake area.Using 100 W small wind turbine generator and solar photovoltaic power generation technologies to resolve the problem of power supply to floating school and fishermen in the lake areas has improved the living and education conditions and promoted harmonious social economic development of the lake areas.A 300 W wind turbine generator can provide power to meet the basic needs of a fisherman for lighting and powering TV，and the hybrid of wind turbine and small photovoltaic power generation system provides reliable and stable power supply.The floating primary school used the 5kW wind-photovoltaic hybrid system，not only satisfying the needs for power of the boarding students and teachers，but also created conditions for distance education and the use of electronic instructional aids.
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4.3 Evaluation of the effects of model application
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1）Full operation of basic projects fundamentally changed the structure and quality of farmers’ energy use
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Over 90% of the farmer household biogas digesters have been in normal operation with annual biogas production of 300 to 400m3（refer to table 5）.Farmers can use the biogas for 300 days in a year，substituting coal and large quantity of crop stalk and firewood（refer to table 6）.The comparison of energy consumption of farmer before and after the project is presented in figure 2.All the 315household biogas digesters in Langzhong except one suffered from sinking ground have been in normal operation，the rate of success is 99.7% and the annual biogas production rate is as high as 600m3.The annual economic benefit of biogas and its integrated use exceeded 700 RMB Yuan.“One biogas digester and five renovations” has fundamentally changed farmers’ living conditions，their courtyards are clean and tidy and the outlook of the entire village is also civilized and tidy.
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Table 5 Annual biogas production at each demonstration site（2005-2006）
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Table 6 Average quantity of various energy resources consumed
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It can be seen that since biogas is high quality energy with combustion efficiency significantly higher than firewood stove，after the completion of project construction，per household average domestic energy consumption has been greatly reduced.
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The 300W small wind turbine generators in Honghu of Hubei has been operating normally for some time by now with daily power output of 0.5-0.7 kWh，sufficient for lighting and powering TV.The demonstration households of 300W wind turbine generators plus 100W photovoltaic power generation system have sufficient power to TV as well as electric fan and 100 W refrigerator.
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2）The income of project households has increased significantly
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According to surveys of China Agriculture University，the income of project farmer households in the demonstration villages after the completion of project construction has increased significantly（excluding Honghu）.Their income in 2006 increased by 50.9% over 2003 with an annual growth rate of 14.7%（refer to figure 3）.The actual income growth of farmer households at the demonstration sites is 19.8% higher than the provincial average of the same period of time，while the annual growth rate was 6.7 percentage points higher.When comparing with non-project household，farmers’ income in the project village is 33.8% higher.
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3）Demonstration projects promoted agricultural development
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The application of energy saving technologies extended production chain with added value，higher growth rate of income，which stimulated farmers to engage in sustainable development in order to generate more income，it hence has significant demonstration role for speeding up poverty reduction of farmers.For instance，Kuixing Village of Langzhong of Sichuan planned to build 4.45mu of solar greenhouse，but farmers raised more funds and expanded the greenhouse to 13mu for mushroom production and a unique production chain of production，supply and marketing is established.The village organized 24 women and established women crop farming association with shareholding management system for mushroom production with annual revenue of 500 000 RMB Yuan.In addition，the association also uses biogas fluid to culture mushroom seeds to supply to over 100households in the entire village；it markets the products of other farmers’ as well.In addition，the village has established 100mu of lotus and flower cultivation base and ecological site with an annual total income of 4million RMB Yuan.The demonstration village has clean and tidy outlook，roads are in good shape and spiritual civilization is also developed correspondingly，it hence has become the exemplary model for the construction of new countryside.
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The tobacco curing house in Dongping Village-demonstration site of Yongshun of Hunan yields an income of 2000 RMB Yuan annually on average for each household.After technological process renovation，the chrysanthemum drying house of Nanbu of Sichuan not only improved the quality of drying，but also saved energy；its energy consumption for drying 1kg of chrysanthemum has declined from 2kg to 1.5kg of coal，reducing pollution while increasing income.After the completion of the rainfall collection works and dripping irrigation system in Dongshan Village of Maiji District of Tianshui of Gansu Province，it promoted grape production-a pillar industry of the village，it hence played demonstrating and leading role to the surrounding villages.
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可再生能源服务于农民：中荷合作项目专题论文集：英文
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4）Public goods projects achieved very good social effects
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Small biogas domestic sewage treatment system，high efficiency cooking（boiling）stoves，solar water heater bathing system and energy conservation lighting system significantly improved the sanitation and learning conditions of primary school and seniors’ home in the demonstration villages，which not only reflected the care to the disadvantaged groups，but also demonstrated the role of renewable energy in constructing harmonious society.The domestic sewage purification digester constructed at the three demonstration sites in Sichuan can effectively treat domestic sewage to reach the national and local standards of discharge.
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Energy ecological school campus not only used renewable energy and energy conservation technologies，it also can serve as the base for educating students about the outlook of sustainable development.Such schools now have caught the attention of the Ministry of Finance，the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Agriculture.Starting from 2006，the ecological school campus model has been extended to all primary and middle schools in the country.
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5）Indoor air quality of farmer households has significantly improved，a merit to farmers’ health
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Monitoring results of sample farmer households have indicated that the average hourly concentration CO and SO2 in the indoor air of farmer household after the construction of the project has been reduced by 74% and 98%，the average concentration of PM2.5 was reduced by 44% and the average concentration of NH3 declined by 57% and the average thermal efficiency of stove increased by 6.59 percentage points.The project has significantly improved the living environment and the quality of life.It is the first time in China that indoor air quality indicators are used to assess the effects of comprehensive technologies of renewable energy.On June 2，the Ministry of Education organized an evaluation inspection to the technical achievements of the project，and confirmed that it has reached internationally advanced level.
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6）Integrated development of rural renewable energy increased employment opportunities of rural women
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The construction of demonstration sites not only fundamentally changed energy use structure for cooking in rural areas，but also prompted tremendous changes in people’s ideas，rationales，behaviors and lifestyle.Women walk out of homes and start to engage in social production activities and create new value to labor，which improved their social status at home；this is the most important change among many others.The 313 women in Langzhong of Sichuan started new production activities with annual revenue of 1.8million RMB Yuan；the 24 women in Kuixing Village Women Crop Farming Association contracted the greenhouse of mushroom production with an annual output value of 500 000 RMB Yuan.
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5.Core experiences in model construction and application
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5.1 Design according to categories suitable to local conditions
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The three categories of projects，i.e.basic，demonstration and public goods are tailored to meet the needs of the beneficiary groups who can select according to his own needs and abilities.Voluntary participation，rational input and maximization of effects granted farmers’ freedom in selecting project activities on their own will.The rationales，contents，requirements and methods of the project are consistent with those of the new socialist countryside construction.The demonstration sites have become examples of new countryside construction of the region.
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5.2 Technology selection aimed at achieving results
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The technologies，products and enterprises used at the demonstration sites are selected and procured by the project management following the principle of market operations.The quality of products and after sale service are effectively guaranteed，which improved the reliability and economics of the project operation，and is conducive to sustainable development.
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5.3 Specialists offered hands-on guidance and service
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During the 3 years of demonstration site selection，design，construction and operation，specialists from relevant fields of experiences provided over 800man-day on-the-spot service and guidance.The project also established expert advisory committee，through which prominent national experts provided consultation，assessment and evaluation on important issues pertaining to project implementation，which is another safety net of ensuring the project being implemented correctly and smoothly.
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5.4 Training proceeded before any other project activities
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During project implementation，technical training is offered timely at different stages for different tasks.The project organized 10 large-scale technical training and study tour activities with the participation of management and technicians at provincial，county and village levels，in the fields of biogas，solar energy，firewood saving stove，wind power，micro hydropower，project management，computer and financial affairs.The project provided training to 454 persons from local PMOs，meeting the needs of project construction；it therefore ensured the quality of project implementation.
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5.5 Strengthened management and well-established system
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The Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project adopted e-information management approach with smooth information flow.Usually problems can be promptly resolved once discovered through the system.After completion of demonstration construction，there are service teams established providing tracking services to ensure that the demonstrated technologies and equipment would have normal operation.At county level，service companies or associations are established，while service stations have been set up at township level and there are designated personnel at village level responsible for service provision.
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5.6 Popularization of S&T at household level
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In order to guide users to master knowledge about renewable energy so that they can correctly use and maintain equipment and facilities，the Sino-the Netherlands PMO organized national experts who for the first time in China developed series of popular science cartoons for seven types of renewable energy suitable to rural China，which are easily understandable to farmers.The series include：（i）manual for household biogas digester，（ii）use and maintenance of biomass stove；（iii）construction，use and maintenance of solar dwelling（including lifted Kang），（iv）use and maintenance of household solar water heater，（v）use and maintenance of household small wind turbine generator；（vi）use and maintenance of micro hydropower station，and（vii）construction and use of tobacco and chrysanthemum drying house.
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5.7 Government support and scientifically sound management
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During the entire process of project implementation，the project steering committee consisting of leaders and officials of the Ministry of Agriculture，the Ministry of Commerce and the Royal Netherlands Embassy to China has been consistently providing effective support and leadership to the project.The project expert advisory committee has also provided prompt consultation，guidance and assessment to important technical issues of project implementation.The PMOs at various levels have been upholding the guiding principle of rural energy development formulated by the Chinese Government，i.e.“suitable measures to local conditions，mutual complementation of multiple resources，integrated use and seeking concrete benefit.”
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Design and Demonstration of Passive Solar Dwelling Projects in Tianshui of Gansu Province
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1.Preface
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Located in the arid and semi-arid mountainous region，Caoshi Village of Maiji of Tianshui Municipal suffered from poor economic development，harsh living conditions and irrational energy consumption structure.Farmers in the village had to rely on the collected firewood for heating in severe winters，leading to damage to the ecological environment and severe soil erosion.In order to improve energy consumption structure of farmers，better farmers’ livelihood and dwelling quality，protect local ecological environment and make full use of rich solar energy resources，the expert group of the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project in association with the requirements of new countryside construction designed and demonstrated passive solar thermal utilization dwelling in Caoshi Village，that greatly improved the dwelling and living conditions of local farmers，at the same time，the project provided valuable reference to upscale of the solar dwelling in the northwest region of China.
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2.Analysis on the meteorological resources and the principle of solar dwelling design
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Located in Boyang Township of Maiji District of Tianshui Municipal，Caoshi Village has an average annual sunshine of 1978hours，belonging to the suitable area in China’s winter solar heating zoning scheme.In association with local farmers’ living habits and individualized requirements，the demonstration project included 40 farmer households with a total floor space of 500m2 of solar dwelling.The 40solar dwellings in Caoshi Village are divided into three categories of construction design，i.e.two-floor，single floor U type and single floor linear type.The residential lot of the three types of dwelling is 15×16=240m2.In accordance with the local meteorological data and considering farmers’ economic capacity，the project on basis of analyzing technological and economic optimization proposed passive solar thermal use design combining three different methods of heating（direct heating，solar room and heat collection wall）.During the design process，the following principles are adopted：
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（1）Maximizing solar heat absorption.In the design，highly transparent glass and high absorption rate painting are used to maximize the sunshine reception wall in the front of the house.
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（2）Minimizing heat loss of dwelling.The key is to reduce heat transmission loss in the surrounding structure，the heat loss through glass window and the penetration of cold air from outdoors.The wall and the roof of the dwelling adopted 80mm and 100mm the polyphenyl insulation material.
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（3）High efficiency lifted Kangsubstituted the traditional feeding Kangfor heating.
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（4）Minimizing construction costs will reduce the economic burden of farmers.
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The design of the school solar building and the solar dwelling of the 40 farmer households is finalized in September 2004，construction of the projects completed in June 2005.Some farmers moved into the new building in the same year.Table 1 presented the investment cost of the three types of solar dwelling.
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Table 1 Energy conservation performance and economic analysis of solar dwelling of farmer households
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The primary school of Caoshi Village occupies 4000m2，among the four single-floor buildings，three are classrooms and the other one is the living quarter of teachers.The floor space of each building is 125.05m2，totaling 500.20m2.The renovation of the four building is done in two parts，i.e.increasing the insulation of the exterior surrounding wall of the dwelling，and installation of solar heat collection facilities in the room facing the south in the dwelling.Insulation material is foamed polystyrene insulation plate with high performance/price ratio.The heat collection plate is ordinary glass and the heat collection method is heat collection and storage wall.In order to reduce investment，the heat collection wall is single layer glass.Figure 2 presents the solar building of the school.
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3.Optimized selection of supplementary energy equipment for solar dwelling
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Kangis a major piece of facility in rural homes of northern China，with two types of building，one is the traditional grounded Kangand the other is the high efficiency pre-manufactured lifted Kangdeveloped in recent years.
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Without buttress earth，lifted Kangincreases the heat radiation area，reduces heat transmission through the buttress earth to the ground and this part of heat is transmitted to the room.The front wall the Kangis thinner，also becoming a heat radiation wall.The lifted Kangincreased the heat radiation faces from one to three.According to field testing，under the conditions of adding no supplementary heating facilities and without increasing fuel consumption，lifted Kangcan achieve 4-5℃ of room temperature higher than the check group.Furthermore，the appearance of the Kangis more attractive and some areas in Northern China have successfully used such Kang.Therefore，lifted Kangis selected in the solar dwelling for farmer households in the Caoshi Village as the supplementary heating facility.One reason is that it complies with the habit of lifestyle of farmers，and secondly，the Kangis connected with stove，it is therefore clean and energy conserving.Figure 3 presents a picture of the high efficiency lifted Kang.
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4.Operation and testing of solar dwelling
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The indoor temperature of the solar dwelling and the ordinary check group in winter in Caoshi Village was continuously recorded from 2005 to 2007 and 6 types of different solar dwellings are selected for testing.Table 2 presents the temperatures outside and inside the “linear type” heat collection solar dwelling and the check group of two winters in Caoshi Village from 2005 to 2006.
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Table 2 Testing results of “linear type” solar dwelling Householder：Wang Enbao，un-occupied，check：“linear type”，occupied
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Figure 1 presents the typical testing curve of temperature of the two-floor solar dwelling under overcast conditions.Table 3 presents the testing results of “linear type” solar dwelling in winter.
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Figure 1 Daily temperature variation comparison of solar dwelling of two-floor
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Table 3 Comparison of supplementary heating of solar dwelling and check group
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The testing results of operation can provide the following conclusions：
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（1）The testing results presented in table 2，table 3 and figure 1 indicated that solar dwelling has significant effects on increasing indoor temperature and saving supplementary energy resources.Even under cloudy days，the solar dwelling demonstrated clear temperature increasing effects.Comparing with ordinary dwelling，solar dwelling can save 2kg of firewood each day and the temperature on average can increase by 5℃ and that is why farmers welcome the solar dwelling.
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（2）Low indoor temperature is because of the cloudy days and frequent exit and entry of farmers through the door without timely closing the door，in addition，poor sealing of doors and windows is also accountable.
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（3）Since the testing site does not have solar radiation recorder and un-sustained 14℃ constant temperature，the results of testing did not give out the heat collection efficiency and guarantee rate of solar energy.
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（4）The demonstration project adopted on-the-spot construction of heat collection wall，causing some deviations in heat collection properties.It is imperative to have heat collectors produced in a standardized manner.
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（5）The comparison of the solar dwelling and the check group for two winters indicated that solar dwelling is conducive to energy conservation，environment protection and improvement of farmers’ life quality in the vast rural areas of northwest China，with significant social and economic benefits.It should be listed as one of the key technologies to be popularized in the new countryside construction program.
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（6）High efficiency lifted Kanghas high thermal efficiency and beautified appearance，it is well received by local farmers and the popularization of lifted Kangshould be listed as one of the major contents in solar dwelling in the northern regions of China.
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（7）Schools have winter breaks，so solar building is very much suitable to schools.
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5.Next steps
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（1）At present，solar heat collection parts and high efficiency lifted Kangare constructed on-the-site，it is of high cost，difficult controlling the quality，and it takes long time to construct，counterproductive to upscaling.Therefore，it is necessary to speed up R&D of solar heater collection parts and high efficiency lifted Kang，and then standardized and commercialized production is vital for upscaling.
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（2）The demonstration projects revealed that after the solar dwelling is put into use，it is an important that farmers would know how to fully tap the potential of energy conservation in heating.Training and guidance to farmers in this respect is vital.
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（3）In order to further increase the comfortableness and the temperature of the solar dwelling，on the basis of solar dwelling design，heating through solar water heaters should be considered in future design.
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Acknowledgement
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In the process of design and demonstration，Professor Nan Yingjing played vital role in solar dwelling design，therefore，the author would like to express his gratitude to Prof.Nan’s great contribution to the project.
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Firewood Saving Stoves Disseminated in Rural Western Regions
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1.Status Quo of firewood stoves in rural western regions
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The Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project was officially launched in August 2004.Prior to project implementation，experts fielded studies in the project sites and found out that the firewood stoves could not meet the requirements of firewood saving stove，some farmer households still used the traditional old stoves in some areas.Mr.Zhou Enzhu，a farmer from Huoshipo Village of Baiyangping Township of Enshi City of Hubei province reported that it needed at least 40kg of firewood each day in the past for cooking meals for family members and for feed pigs，it amounted to 14000kg a year.One laborer could collect about 200kg of firewood in the mountains，it would cost 70 labor days annually，which is a true yet astonishing number！Other counties have similar situation，furthermore，most farmer household had three-wok stove in the kitchen occupying large area.Looking into the underlying cause of the problem，the following is accountable：
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（1）The techniques used in stove renovation in the past were not mature and could not meet the needs of farmers.There are reported cases that the renovated stoves were quickly dismantled after the technicians went away.It was always common that large stove chamber had no fire ring but a large stove door.
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（2）There is no service system established.The firewood saving stoves without proper maintenance gradually deteriorated to the traditional stove.
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（3）Some farmer households did not participate in the stove renovation activities at all，so they continued to use the traditional old stove，or the renovation was not complete.Stoves without chimney were still used in some farmer households.
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（4）The indoor air quality in rural areas did not catch sufficient attention.
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Figure 1 The old firewood stoves in Wuling Mountainous areas（Enshi and Yongshun）
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The Cooperation Project listed stove renovation as one of the basic project activities for farmer households to supplement biogas as domestic energy，which is very important and necessary.
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2.Selection of stoves for farmer households in the demonstration sites of the Cooperation Project
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2.1 Basic structure of firewood saving stove
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A good firewood efficient stove should meet three requirements：firstly，the firewood and stalk can be fully burnt；secondly，the thermal energy released can be fully used to meet the requirements of high thermal efficiency and low emission of pollutants；thirdly，it must be convenient to use.Otherwise，it will be difficult for farmers to accept such renovations.
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In order for biomass fuel to achieve full combustion in the stove chamber，the structure of stove is therefore very important，it should have sufficient space for fuel to burn and for air to fully contact with the fuel.The surrounding of the stove should be insulation materials to increase the temperature of the chamber.At the upper part of the stove chamber，air ring for secondary air inflow should be installed.The thermal energy released during the combustion process should be fully utilized；therefore a fire stop ring should be installed at upper part of the chamber.
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Figure 2 Section view of the stove
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The purpose of a fire stop ring is to prolong the stay of combustible air in the chamber.Usually，firewood saving stove relies on chimney for air suck，the height of the chimney should be properly calculated，which is usually over 3meters.At about 0.5meter above the stove table in the chimney，a stop slot should be installed to adjust the power of suck of the chimney.Once cooking is finished，the stop slot should be inserted with plate to maintain the temperature of the stove chamber.
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2.2 Selection of stove types
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There are two types of stoves in farmer households in the project area，one is the front air suck，i.e.the chimney is right above the stove door，the other is rear air suck，i.e.the stove door is at the front and the chimney is at rear of the stove body.The selection of stove types depends on the traditional habits of local farmers.The front air such stove usually requires two persons to cook and fire and a large kitchen area.The rear air suck stove requires only one person and of course less kitchen floor space，which is good for overall layout of the kitchen；the stove can be built against the wall of the kitchen while the chimney stays inside the walls.
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||
Considering thermal efficiency，the rear air suck stove is better than the front one，because the chimney of the front air suck stove is immediately above the stove door，which is counterproductive to installation of the fire stop ring，some of hot smoke is sucked out of the chimney before being used in the chamber.Therefore，it is encouraged to use the rear air suck type in the program of firewood stove renovation.
|
||
In the kitchen of farmer households in the project area，it is rare to have found one-wok stove，while most farmers have multiple-wok stoves，i.e.two or three-wok stove，which share the same chimney.Now that biogas is available，it is completely possible and advisable to reduce the number of wok sites.The use of single wok or maximum two-wok stove can reduce kitchen area and it is good for arrangement of the kitchen.
|
||
2.3 Results of stove renovation
|
||
Since the Cooperation Project provided training to technicians in the project demonstration counties that carried out further training to technicians at lower level who have mastered the basic principles of stove renovation，the overall effects of stove renovation of this time is satisfactory.Through testing at farmer households，the average thermal efficiency is above 30%，and about 20% of the farmer households achieved higher than 38% of thermal efficiency.Let’s use the example of Enshi of Hubei to see the results.
|
||
Table 1 Thermal performance testing of firewood saving stoves
|
||
Figure 3 Firewood saving stove in Tianshui
|
||
Figure 4 Stove and kitchen renovation for farmer households in Enshi
|
||
3.Findings
|
||
In addressing domestic energy issues of rural areas，the principle of “suitable measures to local conditions，mutual complementation of multiple energy resources，integrated utilization and seeking practical results” should be upheld.In the vast rural areas，especially poverty-stricken areas，renovation of stoves involving limited investment but yielding quick results is hence an effective means of addressing domestic energy use issues.The renovated fuel efficiency stoves（Kang）indeed can meet the requirements of energy conservation and environment protection.It can completely satisfy the needs of cooking（heating）of farmer households and can truly play the role of stove（Kang）.In order to achieve better results in the future，the following recommendations are relevant.
|
||
（1）There must be a technically strong team for stove（Kang）renovation with not only basic theoretic knowledge but more importantly practical experiences.In line with the actual situation of farmers，the renovation must satisfy the needs of farmers.
|
||
（2）Farmers are disadvantaged group，especially those with limited education and in impoverished areas，hands-on teaching is absolutely essential in order for them to master the use of stove（Kang）.The basic principles must be clearly explained to them so that they want to use the new facilities spontaneously.However the precondition is that it must be user friendly，otherwise，cases of dismantling after renovation will repeat，and even achievements of well renovated stoves can not be consolidated.
|
||
（3）Training should be strengthened.Farmers must be taught about the basic principles of daily maintenance，where and when they should pay attention to and how to shoot simple troubles on their own，which can facilitate ensuring the integrity of the stove.
|
||
（4）Service system should be established.There must be technicians who regularly visit farmer households to resolve problems discovered.
|
||
（5）Stove renovation should be done in association with kitchen renovation.There must be ventilation facilities in the kitchen，which is one of the most successful experiences of improving indoor air quality achieved by the Cooperation Project.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Zhang Jinkui，Hao Fangzhou，Firewood saving stove，P 37-58，Beijing，China Agriculture Publishing House，1986
|
||
[2]Hao Fangzhou，Manual of Rural Energy Project，Beijing，China Agriculture Publishing House，1993
|
||
[3]Hao Fangzhou，Jia Zhenhang，Wang Mingzhou，Practical Energy Conservation Stove，P36-65，Beijing，Chemical Industry Publishing House，2004
|
||
[4]Kou Jianping，Status Quo and Thoughts for the Development of Rural Energy，P5-6，Beijing，Proceedings for international workshop on new countryside and renewable energy，March，2007
|
||
Analysis on the Domestic Energy Use Model of “One Biogas Digester，One Firewood Saving Stove and One Solar Water Heater” in Northern Sichuan
|
||
0.Introduction
|
||
One of the objectives of demonstration site construction of the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project is to establish domestic energy use model for farmer households in the western regions of China.The project requires that the demonstration sites in the 14 villages should fully tap local available renewable energy resources through integrated manner and adopt high efficiency modern energy conversation processes and facilities to establish domestic energy use model for farmer households，based on high quality fuel，so as to improve domestic energy use as well as quality of life，and promote rural economic development[1].As poverty-stricken areas in low hilly areas of north Sichuan，Nanbu，Yilong and Langzhong have rich biogas and biomass energy resources，farmers also have the tradition of raising pigs，and the three localities can well represent the features of the region of northern Sichuan hence are selected as the project sites.
|
||
This article illustrates the changes of domestic energy use of farmer households before and after the project implementation in Baoma Village of Nanbu County，Zaoban and Yangjiawan villages of Yilong County，with which the rationality and necessity of domestic energy use model of “one biogas digester，one stove and one solar water heater” in northern Sichuan are analyzed.
|
||
1.Domestic energy model of “one biogas digester，one stove and one solar water heater”
|
||
The establishment of integrated domestic energy use mode based on biogas
|
||
Through basic projects，all demonstration households in the village have completed “one biogas digester and five renovations” and the installation of solar water heaters，i.e.each demonstration household has a biogas digester of 8m3（and provided with two-burner biogas stove，biogas rice cooker as well as renovation of pig pen，toilet，kitchen，water supply and courtyards）.The existing firewood stoves were transformed using five advanced technologies to improve the efficiency.An all-glass vacuum tube solar water heater of 1.8m2 or closed circuit solar water heater of 1.1m2 is also installed.
|
||
Through the construction of biogas，firewood saving stove and solar water heaters，the domestic energy use model of farmer households of “one biogas digester，firewood stove and solar water heater” is established.
|
||
Operation of the domestic energy use model
|
||
Biogas digester，firewood saving stove and solar heater at demonstration households established series of domestic energy use facilities as well as a new energy use model to substitute the energy use model based on commercial energy and crop stalks.
|
||
Table 1 Annual average energy consumption of farmer households in Baomahe Village of Nanbu County
|
||
Table 2 Annual average energy consumption of farmer households in Zaoban Village of Yilong Count
|
||
Table 3 Annual average energy consumption of farmer households in Yangjiawan Village of Yilong County
|
||
From the above tables，we can draw the following conclusions：
|
||
●Domestic energy use and its structure have changed fundamentally after the project construction.The annual average energy consumption after the project was only 51.85%，39.66% and 26.81% of those before the project.The consumption of stalk and firewood in Yangjiawang dropped dramatically because efforts have been made to promote pig production and innovation of stoves that resulted in increased efficiency of stoves after the project construction.
|
||
●Coal（beehive）was one of the major energy sources before project construction，after the project farmers no longer use Coal briquette（the Coal briquette factory and shops for selling Coal briquette were shut down in the project village）.
|
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●The use of biogas and improvement of efficiency of firewood saving stoves reduced consumption of biomass（stalk and firewood）.Farmers in the demonstration villages no longer need to go to mountains to collect firewood，as a result，forestland is protected.
|
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●Before the project，farmer households relied on stalk，firewood and Coal briquette of low efficiency，after project construction biogas became the major energy source of farmer households.From March to November，it can basically meet the needs of domestic energy use.When biogas is not sufficient during December to February，stalk and firewood are needed as supplementary energy，but it is when the firewood saving stoves are used for.
|
||
2.Analysis on the domestic energy use model of “one biogas digester，one stove and one solar water heater”
|
||
The annual average domestic energy consumption of farmer households in the country is about 2 TCE，while it is higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part of the country.But after project implementation，the annual average domestic energy consumption in the demonstration village is less than one ton，and the following factors are accountable.
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||
1）All demonstration households constructed high quality concrete cast biogas digester following the requirements of international standards，with airtight standard hard plastic biogas pipes.A two-burner biogas stove and high efficiency biogas rice cooker are supplied with the biogas system，which ensured the effective use of biogas in farmer households.
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2）Northern Sichuan belongs to subtropical temperate humid climate zone with high temperature that stands at 16℃ as the annual average temperature.According to data，the temperature in the biogas digester year around is 12℃ to 26℃，while it is 12℃ in January.With sufficient manure supply，biogas digester can produce gas normally throughout the year.When properly managed and maintained，the annual biogas production can reach 350 to 400m3 sufficient to family use.
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||
3）The use of biogas rice cooker reduced biogas consumption.
|
||
Table 5 presents the results of test of biogas consumption of three types of cookers.
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||
Table 4 Biogas consumption（Unit：m3，condition：summer，water temperature is 25℃）
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||
Comparing with ordinary wok，biogas rice cooker can save about 50% of gas when cooking congee and it can save even more when cooking steamed rice.Therefore，biogas rice cooker has the potential of saving over 0.35m3 of biogas each day，which lowers the stringent requirement over biogas digester.If an enhanced layer of thermal energy transmission is added at the bottom of the cooker（it is now available），it can also reduce biogas use for stir frying meat and vegetable courses，hence it will further reduce the pressure on the biogas digester.
|
||
4）The use of solar water heater not only resolved the problem of bathing for farmers，but the water in the heater at the temperature of 45-90℃ can be used for boiling water and for cooking，it can greatly reduce biogas use，which further mitigated the stringent requirements about the biogas digester.
|
||
Nanbu and Yilong（Langzhong is the same）are all located in the IV category zone of solar resources，however，solar water heaters still have important role to play under local climate conditions.Less than 15% of the demonstration farmer households installed a 1.8m2-135 litter vacuum tube solar water heater.Each solar water heater can substitute 162kgce of energy.Most farmer households installed 1.1m2-71 litter closed circuit solar water heater，while each can substitute 99kgce of energy.Along with the improvement of local economic conditions，all households have now installed vacuum tube solar water heater，which can supplement to biogas digester in terms of energy supply.
|
||
Let’s take closed circuit solar water heater as an example.Each year a set of solar water heater can substitute 99kgce of energy，which is equivalent to over 100m3 of biogas.In other words，domestic hot water provided by solar water heater to farmer households（bathing or cooking）substituted the task of heating water of biogas，reducing biogas consumption.
|
||
5）The old firewood stoves are renovated adding a secondary air inflow ring，reducing the opening of the stove door，adding stove door sluice，adding a fire stop ring and increasing the height of the chimney，the thermal efficiency of the firewood stoves increased from 16%-18% to 35%-38%.The rate of firewood conservation of the transformed stoves reached over 50%（1-η1/η2，η1，η2 are the efficiency before and after renovation），which greatly reduced stalk and firewood consumption.
|
||
From the above analysis，one can see that the construction of domestic energy use based on biogas digester，firewood saving stove and solar water heater prompted the establishment of the model of “one biogas digester，one firewood saving stove and one solar water heater”.The three components form an organic integrity，none is dispensable.Biogas provides sufficient gas for cooking，solar water heater provides adequate domestic hot water，and firewood saving stove is mainly used for warming pig feed.When biogas production is low，these supplementary facilities can accomplish the tasks of cooking.
|
||
After completion of project construction，the most satisfactory things farmers felt are biogas digester，biogas rice cooker and solar water heater.Since firewood saving stove is less important supplementary energy facilities，farmers have less interest in it and they have less enthusiasm in stove renovation.
|
||
Therefore，we can say that the construction of combined energy use facilities of “one biogas digester，one firewood saving stove and one solar water heater” prompted the establishment of optimal energy use model of “one biogas digester，one firewood saving stove and one solar water heater” for the poverty-stricken areas of low hilly areas of northern Sichuan.
|
||
3.Conclusion
|
||
1）Through integrated energy use facility construction of “one biogas digester，one firewood saving stove and one solar water heater”，the project fulfilled the task that the demonstration site should “fully tap local available renewable energy resources through integrated manner and adopt high efficiency modern energy conversion processes and facilities to establish domestic energy use model for farmer households based on high quality fuel.”[2]
|
||
2）The energy use facility construction model of “one biogas digester，one firewood saving stove and one solar water heater” is integrity while none is dispensable.It has good value of popularization in northern Sichuan.
|
||
3）Along with technological progress，using high efficiency biomass semi-gasification stove to replace firewood saving stove should be more rational.
|
||
4）It is recommendable to use vacuum solar water heater with a capacity of 100 litters（costing about 1000RMB Yuan）in upscaling of the project，so it is more affordable to farmers.The adoption of enhanced thermal transmission frying utensils will further reduce the use of biogas.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Project Inception Report，the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project，Beijing，2003
|
||
[2]Xiao Junhua，Dong Renjie，Chen Xiaofu，Analysis on the impact of renewable energy on the quality of indoor air of rural households，proceedings of the international workshop on new countryside and renewable energy，Beijing，March 12，2007
|
||
Application of Small Wind Turbine Generator and Wind-photovoltaic Hybrid Power Generation System in Lake Areas
|
||
0.Preface
|
||
It has been a long desire and expectation of fishermen living in lake areas that they could use electricity and watch TV as their fellow countrymen living on land.The area of Honghu Lake is 460 km2 with sufficient wind power，can wind be used to produce power to resolve the problems of fishermen？The Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project implemented actually achieved it！The project adopted three technical models to fully use the rich wind resources and installed small wind turbine generators on fishing boats，providing practical and feasible solution of power supply to fishermen.
|
||
Honghu Lake area is located at the southeastern part of Jianghan Basin，it borders on the Yangtze River in the south，on the Tongting Lake in the west and on Wuhan in the east.Honghu City is named after the well-known large Lake.The water surface of the lake is 530 000mu，5 079 fishermen households with total population of 30 000 live on the lake.Fishermen live on aquaculture and catching，fishing boats are their habitats.
|
||
Fishermen in Chuatouzui Village of Binhu Office of Honghu City（including a floating Hope school）and Xinpulao Village of Luoshan Township have been living on cement made boats for many years，that’s their home.There are 533 fishermen households in the two villages with a total population of 1606.They are far away from land and from power grid.Due to limitations of geological conditions，to date fishermen have not been able to use conventional power；most fishermen rely on kerosene and candle to pass the darkness.In order to resolve the problem of power supply for domestic use of fishermen on the lake，the Cooperation Project implemented in the two villages the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation demonstration projects.
|
||
Before project implementation，only 92 fishermen households in the two villages had small wind turbine generators accounting for 17.26% of the total households，far from meeting the needs for power of fishermen’s domestic activities.According to survey and analysis of experts，Honghu Lake area possesses rich wind and solar resources and is suitable for the application of small wind turbine generator and small photovoltaic power generation system.The objective of the Cooperation Project in Honghu Lake area is to develop and use the rich wind and solar resources of the lake area and to disseminate small wind turbine power generation and wind and photovoltaic hybrid power generation systems.It is also to explore effective technological and management model in order to resolve the problem of power supply to fishermen and the floating primary school.Increasing contacts with the outside world，improving educational conditions and further uplifting the quality of life of fishermen and the establishing fishermen domestic energy use model for lake areas are equally important objectives of the demonstration.
|
||
The construction of the demonstration sites in Honghu City increased the number of households with power from 17.26% to 58.5%.At present，the two villages have 312 fishermen households installed small wind turbine power generation systems（of which 32households have wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation systems）.Thanks to sufficient power for lighting，the leisure time of fishermen became more and more colorful and the society is more harmonious.After project implementation，the lighting problem of the floating school has been completely resolved.The learning and living conditions of teachers and students have been greatly improved.The energy，environment and social benefits as well as certain economic benefits of the project have been gradually witnessed.The project promoted the all round development of the fishing community and produced far reaching impact on the surrounding areas.
|
||
1.Natural resources and equipment installation
|
||
Wind and solar energy resources in Honghu Lake area
|
||
Honghu area has flat and open terrain，the elevation is 23 to 28meters above sea level，air density is high and wind energy density is also high.Honghu Lake belongs to sub-tropical continental monsoon climate with long winter and summer，short spring and fall，but four distinct seasons.The annual precipitation is 1324mm and the annual average temperature is 16.7℃，frost free period 264 days and the annual sunshine is 2020hours.
|
||
Honghu City Rural Energy Office carried out wind energy resource survey on the floating school from July 5 to September 30，2004.In March 2005 and February 2006，the testing was moved to a boat in Chuantouzui Village.The system tested 12months of 8676hours.
|
||
Testing results indicated that the annual average velocity of Honghu Lake areas is 4.1m/s，while the strongest is 17.3m/s，prevailing wind direction is southeast and south，wind density is 250-300 W/m2，the effective wind energy of 3-25m/s is over 6000h/y.The above-mentioned wind resources provide adequate natural conditions to small wind turbine generators in the lake area.Looking at the monthly average velocity of the area，it is greater in winter than summer，while the solar radiation in summer is apparently higher than in winter，there are complementarities between wind and solar resources，therefore，the area is suitable for the development of wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system.
|
||
Installation of small wind turbine generator on lake area
|
||
Small wind turbine generators on land have been very successful and a total of 250 000 units have been installed in the country.The biggest problem to use small wind turbine generator on lake area is how to install it.On land，it is easy to make a foundation，but it is not possible on boat.Therefore，innovation has been adopted on boat for the installation of small wind turbine generator.The project used the beam of the boat and the shed as the fixing buttress，plus a triangle support，the installation problem is therefore resolved（refer to the flyer of this article）.
|
||
2.Use of wind and solar energy on fishing boats in lake area
|
||
Basic household-300 W wind turbine generator units
|
||
This model uses a 300 W wind turbine generator system of 1set of 300 W generator，two 200 Ah batteries and one 300 W controller/inverter（including overflow escape），which can provide power to lighting，TV，VCD，chargers for radio and mobile phones，etc.
|
||
（1）Role and effect of the system in new socialist countryside construction of lake areas
|
||
This model is mature technology and almost trouble free.The damage rate of inverter is only 6%.At present，all the wind turbine generators installed by project households are operational，over 80% of the wind turbines are working properly，so fishermen are content with the project.General observation is that the performance of the turbines is better than those installed in the past，and the power output is strong that can meet the needs of households.The system played important role in the construction of socialist new countryside in lake area，which is also the main model and technology to be popularized in lake areas in future.
|
||
（2）Comparison before and after the installation of the system
|
||
1）Before the system is installed，fishermen had to use candle or kerosene for lighting，which was inconvenient and fishermen’s life was dull after dark.Few households installed 150 W small wind turbine generator system，but the power output was too small，only sufficient for lighting and powering b/w TV.Once the 300 W system is put into use，the power output is adequate，project households can use color TV and VCD，lighting is of course no longer a problem，students can do homework now，which enriched the life of the fishermen.
|
||
2）Before the system was put into use，the cable connections in boats of fishermen were not standardized with messy setting.After the system was installed，cabling has been renovated for better safety and tidy indoor setting，reflecting the new appearance of new countryside.
|
||
3）Before the system was operational，the tip of blades of wind turbine was less than 1.5meters from the top of the boat，it was not safe enough when fishermen needed to work on the top.With the new system installed，the distance between the blade tip and the top of the boat is 2.3meters，fishermen can not reach it even with hands extended out，it is very safe.
|
||
Demonstration households-400 W wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system
|
||
The model uses small wind turbine generator and photovoltaic hybrid system technology with one set of 300 W wind turbine generator and 100Wp solar cells，two 00Ah 12V batteries and one 500 W controller/inverter（including overflow escape）.The system can produce sufficient power for color TV，VCD，lighting，refrigerator，electric fan，washing machine，chargers of mobile and land line telephones，etc.
|
||
（1）Role and effect of the system in new socialist countryside construction of lake areas
|
||
The system can produce sufficient power for color TV，VCD，lighting，refrigerator，electric fan，washing machine，chargers of mobile and land line telephones，etc.Comparing with the stand-alone wind turbine generator，it not only increased power output，but also improved the stability of power supply.Even when there is no effective velocity but with sunshine，the system can maintain certain level of power supply and protects the battery for longer life.The application of the system improved the life of the fishermen of the lake area，representing the future development trend.At present，over 90% of the systems installed by the demonstration households are in normal operation.Fishermen are very much content with the technologies and model.Overall observation is that the performance of the system is better than the stand-alone wind turbine generator system，it has greater power output and can meet the needs of all day power use.Now，the demonstration households have not only bought color TV and VCD，but also washing machine and refrigerator.Students can do their homework at nighttime，fishermen can watch TV day and night，lighting is strong，these have enriched the leisure life of fishermen.Nine households among the demonstration households have bought refrigerator.So，some of basic project households also wanted to install a photovoltaic plate to upgrade the system.
|
||
（2）Comparison before and after the installation of the system
|
||
Before the system is installed，there was no such hybrid system in Honghu Lake area；it is therefore a new thing，so the impact is great.It broadened the vision of fishermen and they witnessed a successful example of integrated use of renewable energy，as well as the bright future of diversified energy supply and colorful life on the lake area.After the system is installed，it has become reality that refrigerator and washing machine can be used on lake area，which greatly improved the quality of life.It was not even imaginable in the past for the fishermen.
|
||
With power，fishermen can charge mobile and land line phones，facilitating their communication with the outside world，which provided access to more information and better marketing channels of their fish，and accelerated income growth.
|
||
School-3000 W wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system
|
||
The system consists of 1set of 5 kW wind turbine generator from the Netherlands，1000Wp Chinese solar cells，20 pieces of 200Ah 12V batteries and one 5 kW controller/inverter form the Netherlands.The 1000Wp solar cell has 20 plates of 53 W each and 10 of which are connected as a group，then the two groups are joined and connected to the controller.
|
||
（1）Role and effect of the system in new socialist countryside construction of lake areas
|
||
In the process of installing the 5 kW wind turbine generator unit，the wisdom of experts of both countries produced good results.They used a cross steel bottom and steel cable connecting to affix the turbine and used rubber to reduce vibration for successful installation of the system.After operation of half a year，the unit works stably；it proved that the selection，importation and installation of the equipment are scientifically sound and successful.The wind turbine from the Netherlands was convenient and stable，it does not require high velocity startup but power output is high.It is quiet and vibration is small.
|
||
With 1 kW solar cell，it became a Chinese-the Netherland technology system of wind-photovoltaic hybrid system，a brand new one.Using the system，teachers and students of the floating hope primary school of Honghu Lake area can use color TV，VCD，refrigerator，medical refrigerator，washing machine，drinking water machine，small water pump，solar water heater and electric rice cooker.It also made distance education possible.The system is an automated management system requires no manpower.It provides sufficient power supply to the floating primary school to power advanced instructional equipment，greatly improving the learning and living conditions of students and teachers.At the same time，the system ensured power supply to villager’s committee office and clinic，achieving good economic and social benefits.
|
||
（2）Comparison before and after the installation of the system
|
||
Before the system was put into use，there was no power supply to the floating primary school.After the system is installed，it provides sufficient power to the school to use advanced instructional equipment，greatly improving the learning and living conditions of students and teachers.It therefore facilitated quality improvement of education of the school，in particular，the distance education and modern instructional equipment bridged the floating school with the outside world，it is therefore conducive to the improvement of the quality of students as well as the quality of education.The implementation of the demonstration project fostered students’ awareness about renewable energy and environment protection.After the implementation of the project，pupils of the floating school can have the same pleasure of their counterparts in cities for watching TV and using computers.The gap between the floating school and the schools on land has been greatly reduced.
|
||
3.Conclusion
|
||
The demonstration project can fully develop and use the rather rich wind and solar energy resources of the lake areas through small wind turbine power generation system，photovoltaic system and the combination of the two-the hybrid system.It has established effective technological and management model and resolved the problem of supply to 52% of the fishermen of the two villages and that for the floating primary school.It bridged the communication between the school and the outside world，improved the learning conditions，further bettered the quality of life of fishermen and created a new energy use model for lake areas.The application of three types of technical models resolved the problem of lighting and greatly improved the life of fishermen.
|
||
The construction of the project injected now vitality to the construction of socialist new countryside on lake areas，it has played the guiding and demonstration role.The adoption of small wind turbine generator and wind-photovoltaic hybrid system has been proven to be a practical and effective way of addressing power supply problems to fishermen of lake areas.The surface of Honghu Lake is 530 000mu，inhabited by 5 079households of over 30 000 people，with the demonstration of this project，more and more small wind turbine generator systems，wind and photovoltaic hybrid systems will get into homes of fishermen on the lake areas，hence it sets up a model for the construction of socialist new countryside with the features of lake areas.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Shen Dechang，Construction model and applied technologies in Honghu demonstration sties，October 2006
|
||
[2]Li Defu，Report on the design of the demonstration project of Honghu City of Hubei Province，December 2004
|
||
[3]Xiang Xiancheng，Wind resources for power generation in Honghu Lake area，July 2006
|
||
Design of Energy Conservation Chrysanthemum Drying Facilities and Study on the Drying Process
|
||
0.Introduction
|
||
The biological characteristics of chrysanthemum：chrysanthemum（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat）is a perennial grass.It is cultivated in Sichuan，Zhejiang and Henan where the climate is warm with sufficient sunshine，high water and humus content in soil.The flowering period is September to November and flowers are collected at the end of fall or early winter.The shape of the flower is butterfly or pressed ball with diameter of 2.5-4cm.The flower has 3-8 petals and each petal is about 10mm.The diameter of the flower is 10-12mm.The colors of the flower include green，yellow and purple.The texture is soft with fragrance and flower is a bit bitter.
|
||
Physical-chemical analysis indicates that the flower contains volatile oils including borneol，acetic acid，camphor oil，chrysanthemum oil，ketone，cornflower，amino acids and flavonoid.The physiological active component is chlorogenic acid（HPLC testing method）greater than 0.20%，dried chrysanthemum storage humidity should not be greater than 65%，otherwise chlorogenic acid can quickly decompose，chrysanthemum will change the color due to oxidation.Chinese traditional medicine confirmed that chrysanthemum is good for controlling flu，fever，high blood pressure，etc.
|
||
Chrysanthemum is perennial grass plant.The dried flowers are mostly used as a soft drinking with fragrance，which can remove greasy from human stomach and assist with digestion and keeping the head.Fresh chrysanthemum has high water content，which can be as high as 80%，but the petals have less water content with tender tissues and the leaf has only 1/10 of the stamen，which is easy to dry up.The flower head has high water content with old tissues that are not easy to dry.Therefore，in order to dry the flower while maintaining the color，taste and shape，it is necessary to design the drying equipment and process in a way that meets the needs of different parts of the flower.In the southern part of China as Sichuan Province，the flowering season is November and December，that is late fall usually with continuous rainfall，so it is necessary to timely dry the collected chrysanthemum.In some rural areas，due to drying facilities are not reasonably designed，problems of smoke leak and low thermal efficiency are common，which led to substandard of flowers in terms of color，fragrance，shape and taste，because of this，the price of the flower was driven down along with the economic return of this industry.This has become the major bottleneck for the development of chrysanthemum industry.
|
||
With the chrysanthemum drying chamber in Sifangzhui Village of Nanbu County of Sichuan as an example，this article presents to readers an energy conservation chrysanthemum drying chamber suitable to rural areas.
|
||
1.Design of chrysanthemum drying chamber
|
||
1.1 Principle of design
|
||
According to the requirements of chrysanthemum for drying and at the same time of considering rural actual situation，the design of chrysanthemum chamber needs to follow the principles as below：
|
||
Minimization of changes in color，fragrance，shape and taste of the flower；maximization of energy conservation；minimization of costs by using locally available materials as much as possible；simplification in operation；multiple functions for the chamber suitable for drying a number of farm produces.
|
||
In line with the above principles，a flat energy conservation chrysanthemum drying chamber is designed as shown in figure 1.
|
||
Figure 1 Structure of the drying chamber
|
||
1.2 Structure design
|
||
1.2.1 Heat supply and exchange
|
||
Heat supply and exchange system is the core of the drying chamber in design because its structure will directly impact on the thermal efficiency of the entire drying chamber.The system consists of three parts of stove，chimney and flat plate heat exchanger.The stove is lined up with adobes or sticky materials，in order to ensure improvement of thermal efficiency，in this design the stove is built under the drying chamber，which has changed the lying stove design used in this country for several decades.It is now under the chamber with vertical structure.The sketch is shown in figure 2.The advantages of this design are：first of all，full combustion is ensured so that the combustible air after burning in the stove will re-enter the drying chamber.At the same time，because the vertical design can match with the secondary inflow of air，higher temperature at the upper parts of the stove can be secured，which can reach over 1000℃.Thirdly，the warmth of the stove can be fully kept to reduce heat loss.In order to increase the combustion efficiency of the stove，the upper part of the stove is designed as a cone.The comb of the stove has a 12° angle when placed on the stove beam and wall，which can ensure full air supply when strong fire is needed.
|
||
Figure 2 Stove structure
|
||
Heat exchanger adopted flat plate structure，i.e.small pieces of pre-made concrete plates are placed on the flue.The concrete plates have a thickness of 30mm and appropriate size for easy moving.The plates are connected by paste of cement and sand to ensure that there is no leak of air.The design of the flat heat exchanger is mainly to ensure that the heat can be evenly distributed in the entire drying chamber，the smoke flow course in the some channel should be as long as possible.In order to meet this requirement，the flue structure is designed as shown in figure 3.
|
||
Figure 3 Structure and outlay of flue
|
||
The tail of the smoke exit is connected with the chimney in a way shown in figure 4，this is to increase the resistance for the smoke to exit in order to prolong the retention time of the smoke in the drying chamber，reduce heat loss and increase thermal efficiency.
|
||
The bottom of the chimney design is shown in figure 4 and 5.
|
||
Figure 4 Structure of the bottom of chimney
|
||
Figure 5 Flue connecting with the chimney
|
||
1.2.2 Humidity removal system
|
||
The humidity removal system includes inflow of air and sun roof.Air flows into the drying chamber from the air inflow，it goes up when heated and finally released from the sunroof.During this process，air carrying moisture along with it is discharged out of the drying chamber，hence the purpose of dehydration is realized.The inlets of inflow air are placed on the front and rear wall as shown in figure 1.The sunroof is designed as in figure 6，its opening or closing is controlled by a valve.
|
||
Figure 6 Structure of sunroof
|
||
1.2.3 Chrysanthemum trays and buttress
|
||
The buttress shelves can be built by bamboo poles or wood poles.The trays are placed on the shelves.The trays are woven by bamboo materials with holes of 3×3mm as the flowers can not go through.Each tray of fresh flower is about 1.5kg.The spacing of the trays is about 20 to 25cm，the lowest layer is 45cm above the ground of the chamber.
|
||
2.Chrysanthemum drying process
|
||
2.1 Picking of the flower
|
||
Usually，before sunrise，dew and dew drops disappear，flowers are picked，and then they should be placed on the shadow site of the drying room to allow drying of the surface water.
|
||
2.2 Preparation before loading
|
||
Close the door of the drying chamber and open the sunroof and ground tunnel，check if there is any leak of smoke，if yes，the crack must be filled in by fine yellow soil mixed with water，which should be applied to the leak many times while keeping the fire until no more leak could be spotted.During the first fire，the heating system should be checked to see if it is clear（including stove chamber，flat heating channel and chimney），if choky is found，open the slot insertion under the chimney，fire a handful of firewood to drive out the humidity in the chimney.
|
||
2.3 Drying
|
||
2.3.1 Close the sunroof and cold air channel
|
||
The flowers are loaded.The baskets of flowers should have ventilation，it is better to use bamboo to make the basket with opening of 10×30mm.The flower layer should be 30-50mm.Loading should start from up and then down.After which，close doors，sunroof and cold air tunnel.Fire the stove to drive the temperature gradually to increase to 30℃ so that the flowers will sweat and the indoor humidity will increase to about 90%.Keep the temperature for 8hours（pay attention to maintaining the temperature and watch the change of colors of the flowers）.
|
||
2.3.2 Removal of humidity
|
||
Removal of humidity at low temperature：after chrysanthemum sweats（change of color），open the sunroof and ground tunnel for the escape of humidity，at the same time，maintaining the temperature from dropping.If the temperature started to drop，close the upper and lower doors and keep heating up to drive the temperature to over 30℃ and then open the doors.
|
||
2.3.3 Increase temperature for dehydration
|
||
Close the humidity escape and ground tunnel and keep increasing temperature.The rate of temperature increase should be 5℃/h.During the process，if the temperature increases，open the sunroof and ground tunnel for 5minutes to release some humidity，if the humidity is not high（slightly higher than outdoor humidity），there in no need to release humidity.When the temperature climbs to 40℃（should not go beyond），keep the temperature and dehydration for about 20hours，the number of humidity release depends on the humidity.Special attention should be given to that the temperature should not drop during humidity release.
|
||
2.3.4 Drying of the flower base
|
||
The flower base is much thicker than the flower petals.When the petals are dry，close sunroof and ground tunnel，rapidly increase the temperature for about 4hours，that will drive out the water in the flower base.A final humidity release will be done，stop fire for 2hours to allow moisture to drop to about 8%.
|
||
2.4 Unloading and bagging
|
||
One hour after the fire is stopped，unload the flowers from the drying room.Usually unloading should be in the morning and place the flowers in cool site for 1-2hours to allow absorption of some humidity，then packaging can start.Once the flowers are in bags，leave the bags open so that some remaining vapor can escape.
|
||
Figure 7 Chrysanthemum drying process curve
|
||
Note：processing of chrysanthemum is not simply drying，so the temperature can not go up too quickly.The above process is only for reference，it is advisable not to copy the time and temperature，many factors depend on the outside weather，so the temperature should be adjusted in line with the water content and the types of the flower.Watch carefully the color and shape of the flower，and adjustment accordingly.
|
||
3.Conclusion
|
||
（1）The flat plate chrysanthemum drying chamber has the following features：even distribution of heat，high thermal efficiency（about 70%），low cost，easy temperature regulation and convenient operation.Coal，firewood，crop stalk and formed fuel can be used，and it is suitable not only to chrysanthemum but also for many other agricultural products.Therefore it is a good practice that can be popularized in rural areas.
|
||
（2）The fresh petals of chrysanthemum contain less water with tender issues.Petals are very thin，only 0.3mm，so it is easy to dry the petals.However，the flower base is big with a diameter of 10-15mm and the moisture content is also high with old tissues，therefore，it is not easy to remove the water.These features constitute the difficulties of chrysanthemum drying.This innovation has however successfully resolved this problem；it not only ensured the high quality of the flower in color，fragrance，shape and taste，the price also increased as well as farmers’ income.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Xiao Hongru，Wang Lifu，Cao Shuming，application of microwave airflow drying technologies in chrysanthemum drying，development of agricultural，forestry and livestock products，1999.9：22-24
|
||
[2]Zhang Youlai，Song Suzhou，Zhu Deshou，Status quo and development perspective of chrysanthemum drying in Qiandaohu，experiments and extension，2000：20-21
|
||
[3]Zhang Bailiang，Zhao Tinglin，Quan Linsi，collection of drawings of energy conservation tobacco leaf drying chamber，Beijing，China Agricultural Publishing House，1999
|
||
[4]Zhang Bailiang，Zhao Tinglin，Quan Linsi，Procedures for construction and operation of energy conservation tobacco leaf drying chamber，Beijing，China Agricultural Publishing House，1999
|
||
Spin-flow Biogas Fermentation Digester and Its Fermentation Process Core Technology to Promote Biogas Development in Rural Areas of Western China
|
||
1.Core technology of spin-flow biogas fermentation device
|
||
1.1 Threads of research
|
||
On the basis of having appropriate operation conditions，the function characteristics of a biogas fermentation device depend mainly or HRT，SRT and MRT [2].
|
||
The idea of optimized design of biogas fermentation device is that with shorter HRT，it is to achieve longer MRT and SRT，i.e.when the fermentation fluid is discharged out of the device，sludge consisted by micro organisms and organic solid materials will remain in the device，so that micro organisms will become membrane adheres to the surface of buttress objects in the fermentation device，which will provide higher raw material digestion rate and higher gas production rate.
|
||
1.2 Core technology
|
||
Spin-flow biogas digester is based on the technology of anaerobic sludge retention and adherence membrane，on the basis of keeping the advantage of normal pressure of biogas digesters，it changed the layout of loading and unloading from 180 degrees to 90 degrees.Through a spin wall，loading and unloading of material is separated.The loaded materials ushered by the spin wall flow an arch track to the bottom of unloading channel.Through forced backflow agitation device consisting of slurry sucking pipe and unloading piston，backflow agitation is done to increase the retention of sludge and the even distribution of bacteria.It hence wiped out the technical problems of “short circuits of material and fluid”，“blind spots of fermentation” and “micro organism poor areas” in the static fermentation biogas digester（Refer to figure 1）.
|
||
Figure 1 Spin-flow biogas digesters
|
||
The spin wall lined up by bricks is the vector of micro organism that adheres to it and then grows to form a membrane，then effectively fixing micro organism and avoiding loss of micro organism along with unloading of materials.Meanwhile，on the top and face of the spin wall，there are crust breaking cogs.When the fluid material in the digester moves up and down，the cogs will break the possibly formed crust，it is the function of auto crust breaking [1].
|
||
Through calculation of the optimized structure of the biogas digester and mechanics analysis，the spin-flow biogas digester adopted a f1/D of 1/5，H/D of 1/2.5，f2/D of 1/7 and radius of the spin wall of 3D/5，which ensured the risky section of the wall is under pressure，so it has good mechanic property[3].The dimension of the spin-flow biogas digester is presented in table 1 as below.
|
||
Table 1 Dimension of spin-flow biogas digesters
|
||
2.Fermentation process and core technology of spin-flow biogas digester
|
||
2.1 Formation of dynamic fermentation process
|
||
Biogas fermentation is a complicated micro organism action process.In order for biogas fermentation device to achieve sustainable and high efficiency operation，in addition to reasonable structure of the fermentation device，a dynamic high efficiency fermentation mechanism needs to be established.Only when there are large quantity of biogas fermentation micro organisms and each population of micro organism can have the optimal growth conditions，various organic raw materials will convert to biogas under the action of micro organism.Therefore，matching with the spin-flow biogas digester，the dynamic high efficiency biogas fermentation process is established as shown in figure 2.
|
||
Figure 2 Flowchart of dynamic spin-flow biogas digester
|
||
Manure from livestock shed and toilet enters the pre-treatment chamber through pollutant discharge pipe.After treatment of sand sedimentation，removal of impurity and acidification，manure gets into fermentation chamber through loading inlet，in which manure through anaerobic fermentation turns to biogas and fertilizer，human and livestock manure is treated without resulting any hazardous materials and the amount is also reduced.Through the slurry sucking pipe and the embedded piston in the pipe at the bottom of the fermentation chamber，forced backflow agitation is performed to increase even distribution of bacteria and gas production rate.Biogas produced by the fermentation device is used for cooking and lighting after removing moistures and sulfur.The overflow of fluid from the unloading exit and the slurry pumped out from the slurry exit is stored in the fertilizer storage to be used as organic fertilizer for crops or feed for fresh water fish production，hence the objective of easy management and sustained use is realized.
|
||
2.2 Regulation of parameters of dynamic fermentation process
|
||
2.2.1 Material formulation for start up
|
||
In order to achieve higher biogas production and raw material conversion of the fermentation device，necessary conditions must be created for the existence and propagation of biogas micro organisms，and there must be high quality and adequate biogas micro organism and raw materials with proper C：N ratio.From the perspectives of nutrition and metabolism，the speed of C consumption by the biogas fermentation micro organism is 25 to 30 times higher than that of N.therefore，when other conditions are ready，the ratio of C：N in the raw material should 25-30：1，which will ensure biogas fermentation with a suitable rate.Theoretical study and engineering practice have proven that the raw materials of biogas fermentation to start will follow the ratio of：starter：raw material：water = 1：2：5，of which the starter is material that contains rich biogas micro organisms.The most convenient starter is the material from the remaining of the normally producing biogas digester and usually over 10% is needed.The C：N ratio of the startup material is 25-30：1，better be cattle，horse and sheep manure or half pig manure and half horse or cattle manure.The startup raw material first goes to pre-fermentation device for compounding for 3-6 days with moisture content of about 60%to70%，which should be sealed by plastic film so as to absorb heat and enrich biogas fermentation bacteria.
|
||
2.2.2 Temperature regulation
|
||
Temperature is an important external condition for biogas fermentation，when the temperature is appropriate，bacteria grows fast with strong vitality，anaerobic decomposition and formation of methane is fast with high biogas production.Studies have proven that chemical reaction rate accelerates along with temperature increases，reaction will increase by 2-3 times when the temperature increases by 10℃.Biogas fermentation process is the biochemical reaction process of micro organism，the above law also applies to biogas within the normal temperature range[2].When the fermentation temperature is lower than 10℃，micro organism is in hibernation with almost no gas production.Therefore，the temperature of the startup material should be over 20℃ and the material in fermentation should be over 15℃ to facilitate normal biogas production and use.For household biogas digesters，particularly those in the northern part of the country，it is very important to increase the temperature of fermentation materials in the digester through solar thermal energy use in order to achieve higher biogas production.Before getting into winter，for the “three-in-one” biogas system，plastic film should be used to cover the top of solar livestock shed，for the “four-in-one” biogas system，plastic film should be used to cover the solar greenhouse，and for biogas digesters in open field，a simple shed should be erected to keep the temperature of the biogas digester during winter.
|
||
2.2.3Load regulation
|
||
The load of biogas projects in rural areas is usually expressed in volume organic load，i.e.the quantity of organic materials digested by each unit volume biogas device，in kg COD/（m3 day）.Volume load is an important parameter for design and operation of biogas projects，its value depends on the quantity and vitality of anaerobic active sludge.The load of biogas projects in rural areas is usual expressed in the concentration of fermentation materials，the suitable dry mater concentration should be 4% to 10%，i.e.the water content in the fermentation raw materials should be 90% to 96%.Biogas micro organism absorbs nutrients，excretes wastes and propagates，all these processes need suitable water.Too much or too little water is counterproductive to activities and biogas production of biogas micro organism.If the moisture is too high，the dry matter in the fermentation fluid is too thin，the unit volume biogas production is low；if the moisture is too low，the fermentation fluid is too thick，which might result in accumulation of organic acids that will stop fermentation and affect biogas production.The startup material concentration of rural biogas projects should be controlled under 6%，while the concentration for operation should be controlled between 5% to 10% along with temperature variations.
|
||
2.2.4 pH regulation
|
||
Biogas fermentation is anaerobic fermentation under the neutral pH value，the ideal pH is 6.8-7.4，when the pH is below 6.4 or above 7.6，it will retard fermentation[3].During biogas project startup and operation，there are three factors that might trigger pH change，（i）there are large quantity of organic acids in the fermentation raw materials，if such materials are dumped into the digester in large quantity in a short period of time，the pH value of the digester will drop.But if raw materials are loaded to a normally operational digester within its bearing capacity，organic acids will be quickly decomposed，no acidification will be caused，so there is no need to adjust the pH value；（ii）the loaded concentration is too high at startup of the device and there is insufficient methane bacteria in the starter or the load increases all of a sudden in operation，the rates of acid and biogas production will lose balance leading to pH drop.This is the common problem of a failure of startup or abnormality in operation of digester；（iii）the loaded material is mixed with large quantity of strong alkali and acids that directly affects the pH value of the fermentation fluid.
|
||
During biogas project startup or operation，once acidification occurs，loading of materials should be stopped immediately.If acidification is not serious，the methane bacteria in the fermentation device will gradually decompose organic acids and the pH will gradually return to normal.If the pH value is above 6，limestone solution or Na2CO3 or NH4HCO3 can be applied；if the pH is below 6.0，at the same time of adjusting the pH value，large quantity of starter sludge should be loaded to speed up the rehabilitation of pH value.
|
||
2.2.5 Metabolism
|
||
During the operation process of biogas projects，it is an important precondition for maintaining sustained biogas production and use of digesters to establish a metabolism compatible to biogas fermentation micro organism quantity and vitality.Once the project starts up，the raw materials loaded into the fermentation device will be gradually consumed or converted through decomposition action of biogas fermentation micro organism.If insufficient fresh raw material is loaded，biogas micro organism will suffer from hunger，consequently，biogas production will decrease.In order to ensure that the biogas micro organism has sufficient food to maintain normal metabolism and sustained gas production，fresh raw materials should be loaded continuously.
|
||
After 1-2months operation of a household biogas digester with normal startup，each day about 20kg of fresh livestock manure should be loaded to the digester.For the household of “three-in-one” biogas system，each day the upload should be the manure of 4-6 pigs or 1-2 cattle，suitable amount of water should be added to maintain the concentration of the fermentation raw material.Meanwhile，in line with crop growth situation，at the same time，in line with the need of crop growth，slurry can be timely removed for application in crop field so as to maintain a relatively stable level of load.As from small biogas digesters in rural areas are concerned，raw materials of above 2% of the total volume of the digester should be loaded in the morning and evening each day to meet the needs of biogas microbes.
|
||
2.2.6 Reinforced agitation
|
||
In the biological reactor，biochemical reaction is carried out through metabolic activities of microbes that need to be continuously exposed to fresh food sources.Agitation is an effective way of facilitating the contacts of microbes with food source.Once the biogas digester starts operation，frequent stirring the fermentation materials in the digester can enable fully contacts of the raw material with microbes，promote metabolism of microbes，speed up reproduction of microbes and increase biogas output.Agitation can also break the crust and facilitate the biogas bubbles attached to the fermentation materials at the middle and lower levels of the digester to form larger bubbles by merging the small and move to the biogas tank.Stirring will enable continued regeneration of the living environment of the biogas microbes that will get new nutrients in the process.If the fermentation material is not stirred often，a thick crust will be established at the top，preventing the biogas produced at the lower parts of digester to enter to the biogas tank and reducing the production of biogas.
|
||
The commonly used agitation methods in biogas digesters are fermentation fluid backflow agitation，biogas backflow agitation and mechanical agitation，and fermentation fluid agitation is usually adopted for household biogas digesters in rural areas，which has three types：（i）it is forced backflow agitation through manual backflow agitation device；（ii）a small sludge pump is installed in the offload tank and electric power is used to backflow the fermentation fluid to the digester，it is also forced agitation；（iii）it is the bio-energy air propelled agitation and spin agitation device，which uses the force of biogas generation and use to automatically stir the fermentation raw materials in the digester.
|
||
3.Results of pilot and demonstration in the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project
|
||
Through piloting in the demonstration sites in the ecological homestead model with spin-flow biogas digester as the link in Maiji District of Tianshui of Gansu Province under the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project of “Promotion of Renewable Energy in Rural Areas of the Western Regions of China”，in which it is managed by dynamic continuous fermentation process，the findings of demonstration，piloting and practices are presented below.
|
||
Spin-flow biogas digester uses optimized and assembled technologies of anaerobic activated sludge retention and microbe film attachment，realizing dynamic and high efficiency operation mechanism of self-flow uploading of raw materials，spin-flow，forced agitation and bacteria fixation and film formation.The slurry at the bottom of the digester can be easily removed by the slurry removal pipe and the built-in piston in the pipe mounted at the bottom of the digester，therefore，there is no need to open the top cover of the digester to remove the slurry，which saves time and labor.
|
||
The spin-flow biogas digester managed by dynamic continuous fermentation process can produce on average 380-500m3/year[1] of biogas，which is 290m3/year[4] higher than the normal water pressure biogas digester，an increase of 31%-72.4%.It means that the household biogas digester can produce biogas all year around in the northwestern part of country with severe winters，and it changed the history that biogas digesters in northern China can be used only for half a year.
|
||
With spin-flow biogas digester as the linkage and through the establishment of chicken and pig production and coordinated operation of livestock shed and the digester as well as the integration of crop farming and animal production，the energy-ecology-economy system of benign energy and material circulation is established and the comprehensive effects are achieved which are manifested by “four savings”（saving coal，electricity，labor and fund），“three increases”（increase of fertility，efficiency and yield），“two decreases”（decrease of pests and water and soil erosion）and “one beautification”（beautification of the environment）.
|
||
4.Conclusion
|
||
1）Based on anaerobic sludge retention and microbe film attachment，spin-flow and forced backflow agitation technologies，the spin-flow biogas digester resolved the problems of short circuits in fermentation fluid，blind spots in fermentation and poor areas of microbes in the common water pressure biogas digesters，with its annual biogas production increased by 31%-72.4% on the basis of the common biogas digesters.
|
||
2）Through dynamic continuous fermentation process of self-flow of loading，spin-flow，forced backflow agitation and bacteria fixation and microbe film formation，it resolved the technical problems of uneven distribution of bacteria and material and difficulties of slurry removal in static broken fermentation process，it is therefore，easier to manage and the use of the digester can last.
|
||
3）The use of spin-flow biogas digester in the cold areas in the northern China should be matched with the leading agricultural production activities，and solar poultry and livestock sheds or solar greenhouse should be used to increase the temperature of the biogas digester.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Qiu Lin，Xi Xinming，Lu Xuzhen：study on bio-energy air propelled agitation biogas digester and its technologies [J].Agricultural engineering journal，2002，18：72
|
||
[2]Zhou Mengjin：Biogas production and use technologies [M].Beijing，China Agricultural University Publishing House，1999：115-121
|
||
[3]Qiu Lin，Zhang Zhengmao，Xie Huimin：Theories and practices of biogas projects in rural areas：[M].Xi’an：World Publishing Company，1998：90-102
|
||
[4]Wang Gehua，Meng Song，Bai Jinming：Analysis on the integrated use of household biogas digesters and its effects [C].Chengdu：Chengdu S&T University Publishing House，1993：85
|
||
3.Technology Transfer
|
||
The Development of Power Generation by Biogas
|
||
1.Development of biogas power generation in China
|
||
China has several decades of history in exploring and using biogas power generation technologies.A large number of research institutes，higher education institutions and manufactures have engaged in research of biogas power generation technologies as well as the development of power generation equipment.Such institutions and manufacturers include Sichuan Agricultural Machinery Academy，Shanghai Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute，Shanghai 711 Institute，Zhejiang University，Guangzhou Energy Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences，China Agricultural Machinery Institute，Tai’an Electrics and Machinery Factory，Tianjin University，Biogas Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture，Weifang Diesel Engine Factory，Jinan Diesel Engine Factory，Chongqing Hongyan Machinery Factory and Shengli Power Machinery Co.Ltd.
|
||
At the initial stage of R&D，efforts focused on transforming internal combustion engine with small power output to generate power with biogas produced by household biogas digesters in rural areas.The transformed equipment usually includes two types of engine，i.e.solely biogas fueled and mixed fueled by biogas and diesel.Entering the new century，the development of large-scale biogas projects provided conditions for the development and use of large biogas power generation units.At the same time of importing biogas power generation units from other countries，some engine manufacturers in China also started to transform and produce larger power output biogas engines that are used in many large and medium-sized biogas projects，achieving good environmental and economic benefits.
|
||
From the technological perspective，research and application of biogas power generation in China focused on the internal combustion engines.Usually，it involved simple transformation of diesel or gasoline engine，however，it is only superficial research on the thermal performance after transformation of the engines and there is no scale production capacity.Even though some biogas power generation projects have been designed，constructed and achieved success，but in general it is still at the experiment and demonstration stage of development.The design，production and overall performance of biogas power generation equipment in China are still behind some advanced countries.Power production efficiency and comprehensive energy use efficiency needs further improvement.Looking at the administration issues，since there are no effective incentive policies，the capacity of biogas power generation market is very much limited，which hindered the development of biogas power generation technologies.Along with the implementation of China’s Renewable Energy Law on January 1，2006，the external environment for biogas power generation has been greatly improved.
|
||
2.Combustion characteristics of biogas
|
||
The main component of biogas is methane.When methane concentration in biogas is 60-70%，its thermal value is 21-25MJ/m3.Biogas as fuel of internal combustion engine has the advantages of free of smoke，dust and pollution.Since biogas contains CO2，the transmission of flame is low，it has good properties of resisting explosion.As such，it allows the engine to increase compression to achieve higher performance.When diesel engine uses biogas or duel fuels，it can achieve the power not lower than the original.However，if biogas has too high CO2 concentration，it will be difficult for the engine to start.Usually，the concentration of CO2 should be about 30% as optimal.
|
||
Table 1 Combustion property of various fuels
|
||
Over 100 years，diesel and gasoline engines are the most economic internal combustion engines.However，they must be transformed before biogas is used as the fuel，i.e.an air-biogas mixer will be installed before carburettor so that mixed gas will be provided to the combustion chamber.Biogas engine usually has two types，i.e.compression ignition and spark ignition.Compression ignition adopts mixed fuel of diesel and biogas，through compressing some diesel to ignite biogas for combustion and producing power.The feature of this type of engine is that the fuel ratio of diesel and biogas can be adjusted，when biogas is insufficient or no biogas，the engine can continue to work.The spark ignition biogas engine is also called full combustion biogas engine，its features are simple structure and easy operation，no accessory fuel is needed，therefore it is suitable to large and medium biogas projects.This type of engine has become the mainstream in biogas power generation technologies.To transform a diesel engine to ignition combustion engine needs an electric ignition system in addition to an air-biogas mixer installed before carburettor，meanwhile，spark plugs are added.If natural gas engine is transformed to biogas engine，the calibration of the air valve in the mixer can continue to be used，but it must be enlarged for the fuel gas，the structure of regulator valve should also be changed.
|
||
A/F and timing advance are the key parameters for adjusting biogas engine to achieve the best performance.Due to the existence of CO2，the combustion rate of biogas is low，causing that biogas as the fuel of engine will have serious post combustion that also drives up the temperature of the exhaust.Therefore，it is necessary to advance the timing or lower the speed of engine，so as to get higher fuel efficiency.
|
||
3.Biogas power generation system
|
||
Usually，for the output range below 4000kW，internal combustion engine can achieve higher utilization efficiency；otherwise，its economics is poor.The use of remaining heat can improve the comprehensive efficiency of energy use.Therefore，power generator unit based on internal combustion engine with CHP is the economic and high efficiency approach in the application of biogas power generation technologies.
|
||
Since the contents of components of biogas are not stable，the components of the fuel should be monitored and A/F timely adjusted so as to achieve higher efficiency.In order to accurately adjust A/F，efforts should be made to ensure that pressure entering the engine is stable，it is therefore necessary to add a pressure stabilizer on the biogas inlet pipes.In addition，in order to prevent back fire explosion in the air inlet pipe，an explosion prevention device should be installed on the biogas supply pipe.
|
||
In addition to its main components of methane and CO2，fresh biogas also contains some moisture and small quantity of H2S and ammonia as well as some impurities of suspension.H2S has strong corrosivity，if the concentration of H2S in biogas is too high，it will affect the life of the unit and lead to corrosion，block and damage of pipelines and valves.The emission of H2S after combustion of H2S will lead to acid rain and environment pollution.Therefore，fresh biogas should not be directly used as fuel of engine，it must go through de-sulphur process，at the same time，moisture and other impurities should be removed as much as possible.
|
||
Therefore，the design and composition of biogas power generation system usually should consider the following aspects：de-sulphur of biogas，pressure stabilization and explosion prevention，ignition device of the engine，control and speed regulation device，remaining heat use system and device to connecting power grid.
|
||
Figure 1 Biogas power generation system
|
||
From the perspective of biogas’s characteristics and the economics of engine operation，biogas engine should be working as much as possible under high load conditions.In order to improve the utilization efficiency of biogas，biogas power generation system usually should adopt CHP.Power is obtained through biogas engine or diesel engine driving a dynamo，thermal energy is achieved through cooling water and discharged exhaust.For small biogas power generation system，its power production efficiency is between 20% and 35% and heat production efficiency ranges from 50% to 55%.The power production efficiency is also related to methane concentration in biogas in addition to the design and performance of the engine.
|
||
The most economic use of the power produced by biogas power generation system is to meet the needs of the owner of the system and the surplus should be sold to the power company；the heat produced should be first of all used to keep the digester warm，then to dwelling，heading or to the public heating supply company.The design of biogas power generation system should consider three operation models：independent power supply，operation in connection with grid and emergency backup.
|
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4.Development of new technologies
|
||
Stirling engine
|
||
In the family of heat engines，Stirling engine defines a closed-cycle regenerative hot air engine（or other permanent gas）engine.It is invented by R.Stirling of Scottland in 1816.In the past 50 years，it has become very popular again，in CHP and exhaust heat converting to power as well as in power supply to remote area，it has good potentials.In order to improve energy efficiency，external combustion engine usually adopts CHP model because the conversion rate of thermal energy to power is usually 15% to 25%，but in CHP，the overall energy efficiency can reach 80% to 85%.
|
||
Comparing with traditional engine，external combustion engine uses continuous combustion to replace pulse combustion，it hence avoided the problem of vibration power waste of internal combustion engine.The external combustion engine has few moving parts，no valve，tappet，fuel injector or spark ignition system，it has low noise，low pollution and low operation cost.The biggest advantage of external combustion engine is that its power output and efficiency is free from the impact of altitude，suitable to alpine areas.External combustion engine can use a number of combustible gases，when the hot chamber reaches 700℃，it can achieve power output.
|
||
STM Company of the US has successful released a new generation of external combustion engine，the STM4-12025kW group produced can reach power generation efficiency of 29.6%.It uses hydrogen as working fluid.Fuel combusts continuously in the combustion chamber outside the cylinder，through heater it is transmitted to working fluid that is compressed in low temperature chamber then flow to high temperature hot chamber for rapid heating and expanding for power output.The working fluid does not directly participate in combustion，it does not change either.
|
||
Micro gas turbine
|
||
Micro gas turbine is a small high speed low temperature and low pressure combustion chamber steam turbine engine.Steam engine with electric power output ranging from 30 to 500 kW is usually called micro steam turbine engine.When the electric power output exceeds 500 kW，it is called industrial steam turbine engine.
|
||
The working procedures of micro gas turbine are as the follows：the compressor compresses the ambient air and send it to the backflow heat changer in which the exhaust exchanges heat with the compressed air.The compressed air is also transmitted to combustion chamber to be mixed with natural gas for combustion.The combustion air enters turbine driven generator and air compressor.The exhaust reaches backflow heat changer for heating the compressed air.The exhaust will be discharged through exhaust heat exchanger.The high frequency electricity current generated by the generator is transformed to DC，then convert to AC in line with the frequency and voltage of the grid.
|
||
At present，there are micro biogas turbines available on the market in China and other countries，for instance，C30 30kW micro gas turbine produced by Capstone，its power generation efficiency is 28%，it can continuously operate for 6000hours requiring no maintenance.Through computer control，it can realize auto grid operation or independent operation.
|
||
Fuel battery
|
||
Fuel battery is a device that directly converts chemical energy to electric energy；the “fuel” it needs does not burn at all，but directly produce electric power.Its principle of work is similar to the reverse of water electrolysis.Hydrogen based fuel is loaded to the positive polar（negative polar of the electric power source）of the fuel battery for transformation to H ions.The O2 in the air is transmitted to the negative polar（positive polar of electric power source）of the fuel battery.The negative O ions through electrolyte with electronic conductivity between the two polar arrive at the positive polar and combine with H ions to form H2O，and electric current is formed in the external circuit.Fuel battery system usually has three units：fuel treatment unit，power generation unit and electric current conversion unit.A complete fuel battery power generation system is consisted of battery，fuel supply system，air supply system，cooling system，electric power ion exchanger，protection and control and instruments system.
|
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The advantages of fuel battery are：（i）high efficiency，thermal energy is comprehensively used through CHP or joint recycling，the comprehensive thermal efficiency of fuel battery can reach over 80%.The power production efficiency of the fuel battery has nothing to do with the scale，small facilities can also get high efficiency；（ii）it is at thermal standby，fuel battery has strong capacities of changing to meet the changing loads；（iii）low noise，zero emission and water conservation；（iv）short period of installation with flexible location.It can avoid construction of power transmission system.The obstacle to large-scale use of fuel battery is its high cost of production.Economically，it can not compete with other power generation facilities at present.
|
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暂无标题
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[1]Biogas power generation expert group of the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project，Report on the development of biogas power generation technologies and evaluation of market demand in China [R]，2004
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[2]Biogas power generation expert group of the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project，Report on the development of biogas power generation technologies in Europe and evaluation of its market potential [R]，2004
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[3]Chen Zezhi，“Biomass biogas power generation technologies”，Environment Protection [J]，2000.10
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[4]Xia Laiqing，“Biogas power generation technology and its application”，Rural Electrification [J]，1996.8
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Importation and Application of Advanced Biogas Power Generation Technologies of Europe
|
||
1.Power generation is the future of biogas projects
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||
Along with the development of livestock industry，many newly established large and medium-scale livestock farms are far away from residential areas.The model of solely providing cooking gas to residents can no longer address the issue of integrated use of biogas.Biogas power generation hence provides a feasible development path to biogas projects of livestock farms，through which，on one hand，the recovered biogas can be better and more extensive used and the power produced can satisfy the needs of local households as well as be transmitted to power grid；on the other hand，large amount of heat can be recovered from the remaining heat of the fuel through power generation，which can be used to increase the temperature of fermentation facilities to achieve medium range temperature fermentation to increase gas production rate and effectively resolve the problem of wintering of biogas facilities in the northern part of the country.
|
||
According to statistics，there had been over 336 000 pig，cattle and chicken farms by 2004，of which large and medium scale livestock farms were 10 050（the turnover rate of pig is over 3 000heads/each farm，the flock size of layer is over 50 000 birds/farm，the turnover of boiler is 100 000 birds/farm，the herd size of dairy cows is 200head/farm and the turnover of beef cattle is over 500heads/farm each year）.The number of animals kept in these larger facilities accounted for about 10% of the total in the country.According to forecast，by 2010 there will be 12 000 large and medium sized livestock farms in the country.By then，about 50%-60% of such farms will build biogas digester projects with a total number of 7 000.If 60% such farms will use biogas to produce power，the installed capacity of power generation might reach over 500 000 kW.
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2.Necessity of importing advanced power generation technologies from other countries
|
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At present，the following problems existed in the adoption of biogas power generation technologies in rural China：（i）there is no policy support.Relevant laws，regulations and policies of the state are still at the conception stage without detailed implementation regulations with high targeting accuracy and practicalities；（ii）biogas power generation equipment made in the country is not mature yet with low level of automation and limited number of specialized manufacturers.The biogas power generation unit has the defects of low fuel conversion rate，low recovery rate of remaining heat and poor noise control；（iii）it is difficult to supply power to grid.Even though there are relevant stipulations about the price of power to be supplied to grid，but there is no clearly defined and uniform operation standards.Local power companies are not interested in buying power produced through biogas.Most of the biogas power generation facilities installed in rural areas of China use isolated operation mode，the power generation unit can not operate with full load，which is counterproductive to power generation efficiency and the life of the unit.
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Through implementation of the component of “biogas power generation technology importation”，the Sino-the Netherlands Cooperation Project analyzed the current status of biogas power generation technologies of livestock farms in the country as well as the market factors，and imported advanced and practical biogas power generation system from Europe for pilot construction and trial operation at livestock farm with good conditions，which demonstrated to the Chinese manufacturing enterprises and end users the added value of overseas technologies in energy efficiency，explored the possibilities of localized production to promote dissemination and application of biogas power generation technologies in rural China.
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||
3.Development of biogas power generation technologies in Europe
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Prior to the 1970’s，over 600 farmers in Europe had biogas fermentation facilities.Since the 1980’s，it has established a new technology development trend，i.e.establishing centralized anaerobic fermentation factory that supplies heat through local heating supply system and supply power to grid.Such factories mainly use farm manure，industrial wastes as well as some organic wastes.In 2002，there were 4390biogas factories in the EU，and these anaerobic treatment facilities include urban sewage treatment factory，on farm biogas digester，waste treatment center of food processing enterprises，as well as centralized garbage treatment centers.The production methods are very much similar，i.e.mainly CHP.
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||
In the past decade，the German Government has continuously strengthened its support to renewable energy，it promulgated the Law of Priority to Renewable Energy in 2000，as a result，biogas power generation projects in Germany increased very quickly.By 2003，Germany had about 2 000 biogas factories in operation with a total installed power generation capacity of 250 000 kW.There are over 200 companies in Germany that provide services related to biogas such as consultation，design，manufacturing and supply of spare parts.
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In general，a trend has appeared in all European countries that biological resources are used to produce renewable energy.Micro and small scale CHP technologies broadened the application of biogas.Comparing market environment and biogas technologies，the former is apparently dependent on the later.Only when countries with policy support and corresponding measures，can biogas technologies be used extensively.
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4.Technological features of biogas power generation units in Europe
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The findings of a study tour to Germany are that the biogas power generation projects of livestock farms are dominated by 30-150 kW power generation units.Some specialized biogas power generation equipment companies have done tremendous amount of work on system integration and accessory equipment.In line with the features of biogas engines，when building the power generation system with biogas engine，companies have considered the following aspects：
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1）De-sulfur device：for example，Schnell Company focuses on biogas purification system，trying to reduce H2S to below 200 ppm.Lipp Company’ patented technology – biological de-sulfur has also achieved good results.
|
||
2）Improvement of air inflow system：Hagl Company developed the automated control system for air inflow valve of biogas engine，i.e.on the master air inflow pipe a regulation device is installed to mix biogas with air.In line with the pressure and temperature of air inflow and the temperature and oxygen concentration of the combusted exhaust，it can automatically adjust the ratio of mixing and quantity of the air inflow so that biogas can be fully combusted to achieve maximum energy output.
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3）Remaining heat use system：in addition to recovery of remaining heat from cooling water and exhaust of the engine，many manufacturers also considered the use of heat of the lubricant cooling system.Part of the recovered heat will be used to heat the biogas fermentation device and part will be used to supply heat to local residents，while some are used on the farm.
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||
4）Agitation equipment：UTS has done tremendous amount of work in this area，with various agitation machinery and backflow device of biogas fluid released.It has changed the underwater electric agitation to liquid pressure agitation，which not only prolongs the life of the equipment but also increases gas production rate.
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5）Monitoring and control system：components of biogas are not as stable as natural gas，monitoring and controlling the parameters of biogas power generation unit is very important，which has become the necessary device for modern biogas power generation facilities.
|
||
5.Objective of technology importation
|
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In line with the actual situation in rural China，the Cooperation Project proposed the objectives of importation of biogas power generation technologies，during which the following factors are considered.
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1）The objective of developing biogas power generation is to full use the biogas produced by the livestock farms at the same time of increasing the economic benefit of the livestock farms.Therefore，the importation is locked at power generation unit of solely biogas internal combustion engine.
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2）At present，most of biogas power generation facilities can not be hooked up with the grid，but only for local use.Therefore，the load of the enterprise should be fully considered，large power output unit can cause waste because of the load is small，the capacity of the power output is selected at 50-80kW.
|
||
3）Technical requirements of power generation unit：solely biogas internal combustion engine，harmonic excited synchronous generator，power generation efficiency greater than 30%，thermal efficiency greater than 40%，total efficiency ≥75%.The output voltage is 400V，frequency 50Hz，efficiency factor>0.8，voltage fluctuation<5%，frequency fluctuation <2%，THD<2%，noise at one meter away from the generator <70 dB，emission complies with Europe Ⅲ.
|
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4）Importation of biogas testing instruments and equipment.In order to inspect the quality of biogas，Germany has been extensively testing concentrations of methane，CO2，H2S and O2 in biogas.Importation of these equipment and instruments is to ensure the basic conditions for the successful operation of biogas power generation.
|
||
In line with the requirements of project construction，biogas fermentation facilities will be constructed by the entity.The importation of the power generation system adopts the model of whole set importation.The exporter is responsible for installation，testing and training of operators.
|
||
Steps and measures of importation：（i）selection of the entity for demonstration and determination of the needs of equipment importation；（ii）open bidding and importation；（iii）equipment installation，testing and acceptance inspection；and（iv）trial operation，wrap-up and workshop.
|
||
6.Selection of an entity for demonstration project construction
|
||
According to the objective and requirement of the PMO，the criterions for selecting an entity for demonstration are the following：
|
||
1）The entity should be a livestock farm located in the western part of China，and local government supports the construction of biogas power generation project.
|
||
2）The livestock farm should have good development potential and strong management and organization capacities.It can cooperate with relevant technical agencies and play demonstration role to others.
|
||
3）The livestock farm should have raw materials for production of over 800m3 of biogas，for instance，a large dairy farm with a herd size of 1000cows，or large pig farm with annual turnover of 12000heads of pigs.
|
||
4）The entity has strong economic strength and sufficient funds to build the fermentation facilities.The biogas project to be built or has been built should have biogas production of over 800m3/day.
|
||
5）The livestock farm itself has rather strong demand for power，so the power generated by the biogas power generation system can be fully utilized.
|
||
6）In the proximity of the biogas power generation station，there are over 800 of farmland such as fodder crops for dairy cows，which can absorb the fluid of the biogas project，so as to achieve benign cycle of biogas power generation with farming.
|
||
7）Once the conditions are met，the biogas power generation unit can supply power to the grid，a priority.
|
||
8）Also，priority is given to entities that are close to foodstuff factories or distilleries with organic wastes，so as to treat the wastes in a centralized manner，which is to explore the establishment of a center of regional organic waste treatment and use as resources.
|
||
In line with the above conditions，the Cooperation Project finally selected Huazhuang of Lanzhou as the biogas power generation demonstration site.
|
||
7.Construction and operation of pilot project
|
||
In March 2005，the Huazhuang of Lanzhou signed the biogas power generation project contract with Shanghai Star Clean Energy and Environment Protection Company Ltd.On April 15，the PMO organized experts who went to the site to review the design and planning of the biogas fermentation and power generation projects.On May 18，construction started and the mainframe was completed at the end of October.
|
||
Through international bidding，PMO signed the equipment supply contract in December 2005.The equipment was manufactured by TEDOM of Czech and the type is CENTO T88 CHP unit，with power output of 76kW，power generation efficiency 31.5% and overall energy efficiency of 81.7%.
|
||
In June 2006，power generation equipment，power transmission works，remaining heat use facilities and other equipment were installed.On August 26，two units of generators tested successfully，and the two units started trial operation on 28 August.
|
||
Both units basically adopt the operation model of power supply to grid，when the power is off on the grid，they then enter isolation operation model，supplying power to the dairy farm.
|
||
In January 2007，when the ambient temperature was minus 15℃，the temperature of the two fermentation towers of 600m3 each was maintained at 24-25℃ through heating by the exhaust of the units，the daily biogas production is 700-800m3，methane content is above 53%.The biogas fermentation project achieved normal operation in cold winter.
|
||
In July 2007，through heating by remaining heat，the temperature of the fermentation towers was maintained at 36℃ and the daily biogas output reached record high of 1477m3，the power output was 1900kWh and the daily biogas fluid production is 70 ton.
|
||
In order to expand the demonstration effects of the project and on the basis of Huazhuang biogas power generation project，a new pilot was developed in Xinjiang，which are the dairy cow breeding center of No.2 farm of the Agricultural Development Corp.and Dilande dairy farm of Hutubi of Xinjiang.
|
||
The biogas power generation unit at No.2 farm is a single set of 150 kW，its operation mode is to supply power to local grid through voltage increase transformer.Dilandi dairy farm has 2sets of 25 kW power generation units；its operation mode is also for supplying power to grid.When the power is off at the grid，both sites can have off-grid operation to supply power to the farms.On July 8，2007，the three sets completed testing and started normal operation since then.
|
||
8.Conclusion
|
||
The Cooperation Project demonstrated the added value of the advanced biogas power generation technologies to the livestock farms through the construction and operation of the three demonstration sites in Gansu and Xinjiang.
|
||
Through biogas project，benign cycle of livestock and crop farming is achieved.Through CHP，it effectively resolved the problem of wintering and achieved normal gas production of biogas projects in alpine areas；it provides an example to the future development of biogas projects of large and medium livestock farms.
|
||
The design and manufacturing of biogas power generation units of other countries provided good references to those in China.
|
||
Pilot and Demonstration of Biogas Power Generation in Huazhuang of Lanzhou
|
||
1.Profile of the center
|
||
The breeding center is located in Huazhuang Township of Honggu District of Lanzhou of Gansu，60 km away from Lanzhou.At the conjuncture of Gansu and Qinghai，Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and national highway 312 passes through the township from the east to the west，while Huangshuihe River，a tributary of the Yellow River at its upper reaches traverses from the west to the east of the township.
|
||
The center has 300mu and a capacity of raising 3000head of dairy cows.At present，there are 2300heads of dairy cows，of which milking cows are 1100head.
|
||
The production facilities of the center are advanced.It imported 48-disc full automated intelligent milking system from Lirafa of Sweden and TMR automated feeding carts of Italy.Through AI management system，the center needs only one man to feed 1000dairy cows，the production of milk on average is 8000kg/year.
|
||
The feeding model of the center is open shed，manure is cleaned by hands and transported for piling in open air while urine and sewage are discharged through ground discharge ditches.
|
||
The center completed pasture development of 1800mu of tableland，ultimately it plans to develop to Huazhuang Dairy Industry Biological Science Park of Lanzhou Livestock，Industry and Commerce Co，of which，it envisages the establishment of a fresh milk processing plant with daily production capacity of 300 ton of fresh milk，and a demonstration park of 300mu of centralized cow production facility for dairy farmers.
|
||
In recent years，local power supply is becoming more and more a problem，particularly in summer when it might be no power for a whole day，consequently，the IA milking system can not operate normally，it not only wastes away several hundreds kg of fresh milk，but also affects the growth and production of dairy cows.
|
||
2.Design and check
|
||
2.1 Basic conditions for construction
|
||
Through field study and discussions，the project experts had the view that the Huazhuang dairy facility has rather good conditions and strong economic strength and development momentum，its demand for power is rather substantial，which can meet the selection conditions for biogas power generation demonstration.
|
||
1）Adequate raw material for fermentation.The first phase of the project targets at treating the manure of 1100dairy cows.In line with the actual amount of raw materials collected each day at present，it can produce 1200m3 of biogas everyday.
|
||
2）Adequate land available.The manure pile at the southern part of the dairy farm occupies 10mu of land with open fields on four sides，it can be used as biogas power project site.
|
||
3）Strong demand for electricity power.The demand for electric power is 200 kW，of which the power for milking operation and cooling system are 80 kW，while others are 50 kW，lighting and domestic use are 30 kW.
|
||
4）Convenient use of biogas fluid.The center has 1800mu of tableland，which is 2 km away from the farm.It is planned to use the land for silage production based on high quality fodder crops that can absorb the fluid of the biogas project.
|
||
5）Convenient road transportation.The breeding center is 60 km away from Lanzhou，it is close to the Lanzhou-Xining Expressway.There is one exit/entrance of expressway 1 km away the center，and the national highway 312 passes the township from the east to the west.These facilities render good conditions for project dissemination and visitors.
|
||
2.2 Technology design and check
|
||
1）Natural geographic conditions
|
||
Honggu District has hilly terrain with elevation ranging from 1590to 1820meters above sea level，while the highest point is 2453meters.It belongs to continental temperate arid monsoon climate with sufficient sunshine，limited precipitation and high evaporation.The annual average temperature is 7.1-9.1℃，the highest temperature in summer is in July，usually it is 36℃ to 37℃；the lowest temperature in winter is in January and it is usually minus 15℃.The extremely low temperature is minus 22℃.The depth of groundwater is 20-30meters.
|
||
2）Determination of the volume of biogas digester and power output
|
||
The first phase of the project targets at treating manure of 1100dairy cows.In line with the actual amount of raw materials collected each day at present，it can produce 1200m3 of biogas everyday.Fermentation process uses medium range temperature fermentation and the volume of the fermentation facility is 1200m3（2×600m3），the HRT is 15 days，daily biogas fluid production of 80 tons.
|
||
All biogas produced will be used for power generation，the volume of the biogas storage tank is 300m3.All the electric power produced will be used in the breeding center and for domestic use.The recovered heat from power generation will be used to heat the anaerobic fermentation，which can resolve the problem of wintering.Biogas slurry and fluid will be used for fodder production on the 1800mu of land，to establish an ecological cycle of “cattle-biogas-pasture”.
|
||
Each m3 of biogas can produce 2.0kWh of power，1200m3 of biogas each day can produce 2400kWh of power.If power generation is calculated at 24hours a day，the installed capacity of the generator should be 100 kW.
|
||
3）Peer’s opinions
|
||
In May 2004，the PMO organized well-known national biogas engineering specialists who carried out on-the-spot peer review the design and planning of the biogas power generation facilities.The expert group had the view that the process is advanced and the selected parameters are reasonable.As for the technology introduction plan，the groups had the following comments and recommendation：
|
||
●Use 2sets of 80 kW biogas power generator units，when in peak demand，use two sets，while one set can be used in valley，which is conducive to equipment maintenance；
|
||
●Since the biogas fluid transport will exceed a height of 80meters，it is very difficult for domestic equipment to meet the needs，it is recommended to use overseas high performance pressure pump to ensure the normal operation of the project.
|
||
2.3 Process flowchart
|
||
The process of Huazhuang Biogas Power Generation Project is shown in Figure 1.
|
||
Figure 1 Huazhuang Biogas Power Generation Process
|
||
3.Performance and operation of the generator unit
|
||
3.1 Performance parameter
|
||
Through open bidding and shopping of equipment，the Cooperation Project finally determined the supplier of the biogas power generator unit in December 2005：i.e.two sets of CHP generator units of Cento T88 SPE BIO manufactured by TEDOMD of Czech Republic.The basic parameters of the units are：
|
||
Maximum power output：76kW，maximum thermal energy output：121kW，power generation efficiency is 31.5%；thermal efficiency：50.2%，and total energy efficiency：81.7.
|
||
Fixed rotation rate of engine：1500/m，compression rate：11∶1，number of cylinders：6；diameter of cylinder×stroke：130×150mm，lubricant consumption（standard/maximum）：0.3/0.7g/kWh，fixed power output of the dynamo：120/96 kVA/kW，voltage：400V，frequency：50Hz；biogas consumption at 100% output：42m3/h，biogas consumption at 75% output：31m3/h，normal circulation water temperature（input/output）：70/90℃，exhaust temperature：430℃，fuel supply pressure：2.0-3.0 kPa，design methane concentration in fuel：65%，emission standard：NOx-500mg/m3，CO-650mg/m3 and NHMC-150mg/m3.
|
||
Noise at 1meter from the engine top cover：70dB，noise at 1meter from the exhaust：80dB.
|
||
Dimension of the unit：L3380×W1485×H 2380mm，total weight：4200kg.
|
||
3.2 Operation of the project
|
||
Construction and installation of power generation equipment at Huazhuang biogas power generation project was completed in June 2006.After two months biogas fermentation operation，the power generation fine tuning of the two units started operation on August 21，which reached full success on August 26，and power generation started on August 28.
|
||
1）Operation when hooked up with grid
|
||
The generator unit has two operation models：independent off-grid power supply and power supply through grid.Normally，operation modality of the group is hooked up with the grid.
|
||
2）Highly automated in control
|
||
The unit has monitoring over the entire process with all operational data automatically displayed on the screen.Through Internet and data exchange，remote operation control and monitoring can be achieved.
|
||
3）Low noise and emission
|
||
Since the power generation units adopted noise reduction shell design，the noise at operation is much less than others.Actual testing indicated that the noise at 1meter away the shell of the generator in the generator house is 75 dB，the noise at 2meters outside the wall of the generator house is 56 dB（the noise when people talk loud is 80 dB）.Testing of exhaust demonstrated that all emission indicators reached Europe Three.
|
||
4）Normal startup and operation
|
||
After over 2months’ operation until late October 2006，the two fermentation towers have entered normal gas production stage while the temperature in the tower has reached 31-33℃，daily biogas production is over 1000m3，methane concentration is 59% and 55% respective，the daily power output is over 1500kWh.Along with accumulation of management experiences，biogas production and power output will continue to increase.
|
||
5）Safe wintering of the fermentation project
|
||
In January 2007 when the ambient temperature is-15℃，through remaining heat of the exhaust，the temperature of the two fermentation towers is maintained at 24-25℃ and the daily biogas production is 700-800m3，and the methane concentration is over 53%.
|
||
6）Operation parameters reaching the planned
|
||
In April 2007，the temperature in the fermentation towers reached 36-39℃ and biogas production reached the designed target of 1200m3 per day.
|
||
In July 2007，the daily production rate of biogas registered at 1477m3，the monthly average is over 1200m3/d，the peak power output is 1900kWh per day and the monthly average is 1500kWh/d.
|
||
At present，each day the power generation facility can treat 70 ton of manure and sewage of the breeding center accounting for 84.3% of the total waste of 1100heads of dairy cows.The fermentation cycle is 15 days and the fermentation temperature is around 36℃.
|
||
7）Biogas sludge and fluid use
|
||
Through two sets of solid and fluid separator，biogas slurry and fluid are separated.Separated biogas fluid is pumped 80meters of elevation at 2 km away through high pressure pump to improve soil and produce high quality fodder.The slurry is packaged after drying as fertilizer for flowers and is sold in local markets for household use and urban beautification.
|
||
4.Technologies characteristics of the project
|
||
4.1 Advanced biogas CHP
|
||
●Pure biogas power generation units：the demonstration project adopted pure biogas generator unit，replacing the older system based on biogas and fuel oil.
|
||
●High conversion rate from biogas to electric power：a sensor at the exhaust is used to monitor the biogas combustion results and control the air inlet valve，it not only ensures that the emission reaches the standards，but also increases the fuel conversion rate，the power efficiency is 31.5%.When the concentration of methane is 62%，1Nm3 biogas can generate 2kWh of power.
|
||
●CHP：through cascade remaining heat recovery for use system，the biogas power generation units realize CHP，the efficiency of remaining heat use is 50%，at the same of power generation，1Nm3 of biogas can obtain 3kWh of heat.The total energy efficiency is over 80%.
|
||
●Low noise：thanks to the vibration reduction design and facility of noise insulation，the power generation unit is very quiet.The noise 1meter away the generator is below 75 dB，greatly improving the production and working environment.
|
||
●Advanced control system：the generator unit has two operation modes of independent and grid power production.Remote control and monitoring is achievable.
|
||
4.2 Advanced biogas fermentation facility and temperature increase process
|
||
The project adopted advanced and mature USR biogas fermentation process and occupied very limited land area and required little investment.Through using new type of biogas storage tanks，the floating shell is covered by an additional insulation shell with good performance of warmth keeping.Through CHP of biogas power generation unit，it provides heating to the biogas fermentation towers in severe winters so that the fermentation temperature reached 28-35℃ in alpine areas.
|
||
Operation over one year indicated that：Huazhuang biogas power generation project is the first one in China that has successfully resolved the problem of wintering of large-scale biogas project，it also successfully resolved the problem of incrustation and low biogas production rate of biogas projects based on cattle manure.
|
||
4.3 Advanced monitoring and display instruments
|
||
The biogas power generation in Lanzhou has automatic data collection that can be processed and displayed，the data collected includes：the temperature，concentration and pH value of materials to be loaded to the biogas fermentation facility，the biogas production rate in the fermentation tower，methane concentration in the biogas，CO2 concentration，O2 concentration，H2S concentration and moisture concentration，the biogas supply to the generator and power generation.
|
||
In addition，monitoring of the noise of the generator set，exhaust emission，biogas leak in the generator house，as well as video monitoring of dairy farm，power house and biogas station are advanced and the first example in China，which created good conditions for summarizing the operational experiences of the biogas power generation systems.
|
||
4.4 Problems
|
||
1）The Generator can not have long-term operation with full load.
|
||
At present，the basic operation mode of the two biogas power generation units are set to for grid connection，but the power is only used for the breeding center，through self control of the units，now power is supplied to the grid.Therefore，in most cases the output of the generator is subject to the limitations of the load of the breeding center，generation units have not reached the long-term full load operation.Along with the construction and production of dairy processing units of Huazhuang，the above problems will be effective resolved.
|
||
2）The favorable policies for renewable energy power generation are yet to be implemented.
|
||
Since the Huazhuang has not signed price agreement with Grid Company about power supply to the grid，power generated by biogas has been not counted in the power input of local grid，and the price of power generation can not demonstrate the favorable polices of the state for renewable energy power production，which needs further implementation in the future.
|
||
3）The operation of the entire project needs further improvement
|
||
At present，there are rooms for improvements in fully utilization of the remaining heat of generators and de-sulfur of biogas.Firstly，through improving the heat exchanger and increasing thermal pipelines，the remaining heat will be better used；secondly，the de-sulfur process needs improvement to further reduce the H2S concentration in biogas，which can improve the quality of the fuel and keep the engine in good shape.
|
||
5.Analysis of input and output
|
||
5.1 Analysis of benefits
|
||
（1）Biogas：daily biogas production is 1 200m3，the annual biogas production is 488 000m3；if each m3 of biogas produces 1.5 kWh，the annual power production is 657 000 kWh.If the price of electricity is 0.60 Yuan/kWh，the annual revenue of electricity is 394 200 Yuan.
|
||
（2）Fluid：the daily production of fluid is about 70 ton，after separation from solids，fluid is about 40 ton，so the annual production is 14 600 ton for 1 800mu farmland production，it can reduce or minimize fertilizer and pesticide application.If each ton of biogas fluid is 10 Yuan，the total production value is 146 000 Yuan.
|
||
（3）Slurry：the daily production is 3.7 ton（water content is 25%），the annual total production is 1 350.5 ton.Biogas slurry is good organic fertilizer for greening and flower production.If it is 100 Yuan per ton，the total production value is 135 100 Yuan.
|
||
（4）Saving environment project costs：before the project，each dairy cow was charged by 7.0 Yuan for pollutant discharge.After the project is constructed，the breeding center can save 193 200 Yuan for pollutant discharge.
|
||
（5）Covered some loss caused by power stoppage.If power stoppage happened five times a year and each time it caused an economic loss of 40 000 Yuan，each year the project would save 200 000 Yuan.
|
||
Summing up the above，the revenue of the project each year is 1.07million Yuan.
|
||
5.2 Cost analysis
|
||
（1）Depreciation of buildings：453 300 Yuan；
|
||
（2）Machinery maintenance：73400Yuan；
|
||
（3）Other O&M：30100Yuan；
|
||
（4）Labor：60000Yuan；
|
||
（5）Power：65700Yuan；
|
||
（6）Others：20000Yuan.
|
||
Summing the above，the total cost of the project is 702 500 Yuan.
|
||
5.3 Annual profit
|
||
1.07million-702 500=366 000 Yuan.
|
||
6.Summary and recommendations
|
||
6.1 Experiences and findings
|
||
Through the construction and operation of Huazhuang biogas power generation facilities，we realized that in order to achieve better results in biogas power generation projects，the following aspects must be watched carefully：
|
||
1）A good recipient entity of the technology.Under the current situation，biogas power generation project should be located in entities that have large demand for power and such entities should have strong leadership with good management competence and bright development perspective.
|
||
2）A good design.Biogas power generation project involves many disciplines and fields including fermentation，remaining heat use and power transmission and dispatch，which require careful design，the precedents can not be copied.
|
||
3）Strengthened leadership.Since there is no specialized construction team，it is therefore extremely important to strengthen supervision in construction so as to ensure the quality of construction and equipment installation.
|
||
4）Training of technicians.Biogas power generation is a comprehensive resource use project that needs the construction team and management to have knowledge and skills of multiple facets，training of technical personnel is the necessary conditions for guaranteeing the construction and operation of the project.
|
||
5）Independent operation and management.Through independent operation and accounting，the effects of biogas can be then demonstrated，at the same time，it can promote the integrated use of slurry and fluid to achieve the due effects of biogas project and lasting functions and sustainable development.
|
||
6）Connecting with the grid for power generation.Through power generation to supply to grid，it can realize operation of the power generation units with full load to achieve stable operation，at the same time，the more power is produced，the more heat is generated，it hence can increase the fermentation temperature and biogas production，a benign cycle is established.
|
||
7）Paying attention to the effects of fertilizer of biogas fermentation.In order to achieve overall economic benefits of the biogas power generation project，shorten the period of construction fund recovery，in addition to maximize power generation，the use of biogas slurry and fluid should be fully used.
|
||
8）Paying attention to the establishment of technical service organizations.Nationwide or regional specialized technical service organizations should be established to provide consultation and operation management services to biogas projects in livestock farms in terms of construction and operation of biogas projects，which will promote the extension and application of biogas power generation technologies in China.
|
||
6.2 Conclusion and recommendations
|
||
1）Through the construction and operation of Huazhuang biogas power generation project，one can see that importation of biogas power generation units have the following advantages：（1）high efficiency of energy use，the overall efficiency has reached 81.5%；（2）highly automated control with easy operation；（3）low noise at operation and emission；（4）high quality of equipment and good operational performance.
|
||
2）The construction and operation of the biogas power generation project effectively resolved the problems of pollution of cows in Huazhuang dairy farm and of stable power supply，it avoided loss caused by power stoppage，the comprehensive effect of the project is significant.
|
||
3）Biogas power generation is the direction of large and medium biogas projects and an important way to promote the healthy development of livestock farm.The selection of 50-100 kW biogas power generation units as the key equipment for biogas project complies with the development of livestock farms in China.
|
||
4）CHP is the effective way of increasing the efficiency of energy use and operation.Through the operation of Lanzhou Huazhuang pilot project for a year，we can see that CHP of biogas can effectively resolve the project of wintering of biogas fermentation facilities in alpine areas，it can realize medium range temperature fermentation and increase the effects of the project.
|
||
5）In biogas power generation projects in addition to power and heat production，the integrated use of biogas slurry and fluid is equally important，which can further demonstrate the benefits of the entire biogas project and realize benign circulation of livestock and crop production.
|
||
6）The state departments should formulate further policies to address the problem of biogas power generation，for example the formulation of technical standards of biogas power generation units，civil works standards，stipulations of power generation to grid and management including standard sale and purchase contract，so that the national policies of encouraging biogas use can be effectively implemented.
|
||
Feasibility of Localized Production of High Performance Small Biogas Power Generation Units
|
||
1.Power generation efficiency of generator unit
|
||
Looking at the available fuel gas engines and their use and experiments，one can see that the power generation efficiency of domestically made small power generation units can reach over 30%.In order to achieve this，the following improvements should be taken.
|
||
（1）Selection of suitable compression rate of the cylinder and the shape of the combustion chamber.The burning point temperature of biogas is very high，when converting a gasoline engine to biogas engine，the compression rate should be increased.Once that is done，it can significantly increase the temperature and pressure of end point of compression and effectively improve the combustion performance of biogas.
|
||
（2）Adoption of exhaust pressure enhancement technology.One feature for internal combustion engine to use biogas is that when biogas enters the cylinder through fuel pipe it will occupy rather large volume of the air inflow cylinder，driving down significantly the air charge co-efficient and leading to excessive shortage of air co-efficient in combustion，furthermore，biogas is a fuel containing no oxygen，once the gasoline or diesel engine is converted to biogas engine，the power output declines.Adoption of pressure enhancement technologies，it can greatly increase the charge co-efficient and effectively increase the efficiency of the unit.At the same time，biogas contains a number of inert gases，delaying the combustion rate of biogas in the cylinder and causing severe post combustion of the unit and increased heat load.With the pressure enhancement technologies，the density of mixed air entering the unit increases，which will accelerate the speed of combustion and ease the situation of high heat load.
|
||
（3）Increase of ignition energy and rational selection of timing advance.Ignition energy and timing advance produces great impact on the ignition and combustion of biogas engine.Since biogas has extremely high burning temperature，the flame transmission rate is low，plus that about 1/3 of biogas is inert（CO2+N2），which hinders the reaction with oxygen，therefore，it needs a high energy ignition device.With many experiments when other conditions are the same，changing the timing advance can significantly improve the power output and exhaust temperature of the engine.
|
||
（4）Control of A/F ratio.Biogas contains about 30%-40% of CO2，leading to low rate of combustion and narrow ignition range.These factors are counterproductive to the success of ignition.Low combustion rate can lead to low heat discharge efficiency，consequently，stable flame can hardly be established.Narrow ignition extreme range requires that the A/F ratio needs to be precisely adjusted.Too low or too high concentration of the mixed gas can lead to failure in ignition.Through adjusting the exit pressure by pressure valve，the A/F is regulated so as to meet the requirements of fuel gases with different components，it can also use oxygen concentration in the exhaust to precisely control the A/F ratio.
|
||
2.Use of remaining heat
|
||
Through design to improve remaining heat use，it can achieve no less than 47% of remaining heat use in CHP system.
|
||
The process of remaining heat use of the cooling media of the engine：cooling water first of all gets into the engine to cool down the lubricant，cylinder and cylinder cover，then it goes to temperature controller.The switch-on temperature of the temperature controller is 76℃，when the water temperature reaches 76℃，the small cycle of the engine will continue（it is good for the rapid increase of temperature of the cooling water upon starting up of the engine，and it is good for the normal operation of the engine，the appropriate temperature of the cooling water of engine is 75-95℃）.Otherwise，the temperature controller will partially switch off small cycle，while the water will flow to plate heat exchanger to exchange heat with the second circulation water of the engine unit，when the temperature of the cooling water of the engine continues to increase，the temperature controller will close further the small circulation till full closure，then all the cooling water of the engine will go to the plate heat exchanger to exchange heat.
|
||
Process of remaining heat use of power generation units：the second circulation water of the engine exchanges heat with the cooling water，the remaining heat of the cooling water is absorbed，after heat exchange，cooling water enters the exhaust remaining heat use device to absorb the heat of the exhaust of the engine，then it goes to heat exchanger again to users.A temperature control valve is installed on the pipeline of the second circulation of the engine to control the temperature of second circulation of the engine.When the water temperature of the second circulation of the engine is higher than the designed，the temperature controlling valve opens its side channel so that part of the water enters the fan water tank for cooling.If the temperature continues to go up，the side channel will be opened further to increase the amount of water entering the fan until the temperature of the second water circulation of engine is controlled at the designed.
|
||
3.Noise reduction
|
||
Internal combustion engine has three parts that generate noise：（i）noise caused by vibration of the buttress of the internal combustion engine；（ii）gas dynamics of the inflow and outflow of air systems；and（iii）the mechanical noise of internal combustion engine.The external part of the engine has box structure，based on the consideration of protection and movement as well as reduction of noise.In line with the major sources of noise as described above and the structure features of the engine，the following methods can effectively reduce noise of the engine.
|
||
（1）The damping elastic buttress between the chassis and engine and motor should be increased.Connections to engine box of the chassis including inlet and outlet of cooling water of engine and the air inlet and exhaust should be soft，which can effectively mitigate noise caused by vibration of the unit.
|
||
（2）Air filter should be added at the air inlet system and exhaust remaining heat device and muffler should be installed at the exhaust system to effectively mitigate noise caused by inflow of air and exhaust.
|
||
（3）In the process of installation，all interspaces must be well adjusted to reduce noise of the machine.
|
||
（4）Absorption materials should be used in the interior wall of the engine house，noise insulation doors and frames should be used with vibration prevention rubber seals.
|
||
（5）Adoption of exhaust pressure increase technologies.Once that is adopted，the exhaust can further expand in the turbine，the noise of the increased pressure engine can be further reduced.Once pressure is increased，the combustion in the engine is more mild，which can further reduce noise.
|
||
4.Control parts of the engine
|
||
（1）Automated grid connecting function
|
||
Power generation unit intelligent control and protection module should be selected to provide entire operation and management functions of the power generation units connected to grid.
|
||
When conditions are mature for start up，start the engine after several seconds of delay（it can be set up at the operator’s wish）.Once it is successfully started，the engine should be controlled to operate at idling speed，after a while when the water and oil temperature of the machine reaches the designed value，automatically sending signals to the engine to operate under fixed power output status，at the same time，electronic speed adjustor sends out control signals to adjust the speed of the engine.
|
||
When the unit reaches stable operation，it will automatically check the voltage，frequency and phase order of the three phases of the power generator.Through IG-PCLSM，the electronic speed adjusts the speed of the engine.Through IG-AVRi and AVR，voltage is adjusted.When the voltage and frequency reach the requirements，the controller will automatically send signal of automatic switching on at the same time of auto loading and adjusting power output factor.
|
||
（2）Anti-grid connection function
|
||
IM-CU should be selected.IM controller through communication connects with IG-CU controller.When the grid loses power，the controller detected income power from the grid，the “MCB ON/OFF” button on the IM is pressed down，so it is automatically adjusted to synchronization，then the MCB of short circuit controller of the grid side is automatically switched on.
|
||
（3）Control display of other parameters
|
||
The power output parameters of the unit are displayed on the mainframe controller.Through switching controller screen，various parameters can be browsed.
|
||
IG-CU controller can display the following parameters of the unit：voltage and current of the three phases，power output，power output factors，frequency；it can display the following for the grid：voltage and current of the three phases，input/output power，power factors；loads of users and power output factors；voltage of batteries for control use and accumulative operation hours；status of engine parameters：temperature，pressure and rotation information is transmitted to the controller.Through setting，it can timely display engine oil temperature，pressure，temperature of cooling water，engine speed，the temperature of the cylinder and the exhaust temperature.Through the temperature collection card，temperature of the cylinder and exhaust is collected and transmitted to temperature displayers through cable.
|
||
（4）Protection and alarming functions
|
||
Multiple layers of protection are designed for the engine and the power generation unit.Protection of the engine：high water temperature，low oil pressure，high oil temperature and speeding.Protection of power generation unit：over current，short circuit，invert power output，high voltage，low voltage，over output and low output.Other protection：failure in startup，failure of switch on or off of the short circuit of the unit and grid.Alarming functions are built for low battery voltage or high voltage.
|
||
（5）Regulation and control of air inflow
|
||
Checking devices are installed for oxygen content，temperature and pressure of the exhaust in the cylinder of the engine，as well as relevant manual and auto regulation devices，which enabled the unit to adjust air inflow parameters in line with the exhaust discharge at the operation and testing of the unit.This facilitated full combustion of combustible air in the cylinder，it hence increases the efficiency of energy use and reduces discharge of pollutants，reaching the requirements of clean production.
|
||
（6）Speed control
|
||
The US made electronic speed regulation system should be used.The system consists of sensors of speed，controller and executors，of which the controller is installed in the controller box，the executor is located at the end of the inflow air pipe，while the output axis of the executor has leverage through which it is connected with the butterfly valve of the mixer to control the amount of air flows into the mixer.
|
||
（7）Ignition
|
||
Digital ignition is adopted.The US-made sparkle plugs are recommended.
|
||
（8）Exhaust pressure enhancement
|
||
The unit adopts exhaust turbine pressure increase technologies，once pressure is increased，it can improve the output of the unit，reduce the emission and noise and recover output power at alpine areas with limited air so that its performance can reach that at plain areas.
|
||
（9）Cooling agents replenishment flow of engine
|
||
Cooling water replenishment procedure for biogas power generation unit：the softened water after treatment is stored in the softened water tank，it then flows to water supply pipeline to the internal circulation pipe of the engine.A softened water tank is installed on the top of the sound insulation room to replenish softened water to the engine and power generator unit.
|
||
5.Engine’s requirements for fuel gas
|
||
In order for the unit to reach normal operation，biogas is required to meet the following criterions：
|
||
（1）Concentration of CH4：the concentration of methane should be 55% to 65%.50% is the minimum，if it can not reach 50%，the unit will not be able to reach the designed thermal efficiency and power output，it might affect the normal startup and operation of the unit；
|
||
（2）Biogas pressure：the inflow pressure should be 2 to 10 kPa.When establishing the station，the pressure of biogas supply should be considered.
|
||
（3）Components of hazardous impurities：the concentration of H2S should not exceed 0.1%，particles of impurities should be less than 5μm with concentration less than 0.03g/m3.The impurities can cause corrosion to the parts of the engine and the exhaust system，therefore，the unit needs to be renovated in line with the concentration of these hazardous materials.When H2S and impurities are high，de-sulfur and filter devices should be installed.
|
||
6.Conclusion and recommendations
|
||
Through the above technological renovation，it can meet the requirements of high performance of the power generation unit.It is hoped that research on the small biogas power generation units will be listed as key S&T projects of the country and the state would provide fund，technological and equipment support to speed up the progress in order to realize localized production of high performance biogas power generation unites.
|
||
4.Management Innovation
|
||
Analysis on the Organization System and Features of Management Model of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
|
||
1.Organization system
|
||
The organization management framework of the project is presented in following figure.The project steering committee-the highest decision making body of the project，is responsible for decision making for important issues pertaining to project implementation，as well as supervision and provision of guidance.Members of the committee include officials of the Ministry of Commerce，the Ministry of Agriculture and the Netherlands Embassy to China.As the provider of assistance，the Netherlands Embassy serves as an observer that supervises and guides project implementation and approves the project plan.The project expert advisory committee as an independent technical advisory organ provides technical consultation，guidance and evaluation to project implementation.
|
||
可再生能源服务于农民：中荷合作项目专题论文集：英文
|
||
From the national PMO to provincial and county PMOs down to villages，there are organizations and designated personnel responsible for project organization，management and guidance provision.Localities have also organized construction and supervision establishments.
|
||
The routines of the project are attended by the PMO that consists of staff members from the Chinese side as well as project management specialist from the Netherlands recruited from international bidding，who is subject to leadership of the project management and implements the decisions of the project steering committee.
|
||
The demonstration sites of the project located in 7 counties of 4 provinces have all established local project management organizations.The provincial PMO is responsible for supervising the work of the county PMOs that organize the construction and implementation of the demonstration sites within their own territories.
|
||
In order to ensure smooth implementation and the quality of demonstration site construction，prominent experts in the field of renewable energy are invited to the project expert advisory committee.With the coordination of the PMO，each project county has an expert who is responsible for design，technical guidance provision，quality control and supervision progress in each demonstration village.
|
||
2.Management system
|
||
In order for the project management to reach standardized，effective and transparent operation and following the practices of international project management，the project formulated Project Management Regulations after multiple rounds of discussions and revisions，which is approved by the steering committee.Project Management Regulations clearly defined the responsibilities and obligations of institutions and personnel from both China and abroad and made unified standardization for project inception，implementation，exchange and evaluation.
|
||
In order to strengthen management of demonstration site construction activities，in line with the project management regulations and project inception report and following relevant regulations such as project management method for rural biogas construction financed by T-bond formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture，the project formulated implementation management method of the demonstration site，which provided detailed stipulations for the requirements，fund management，organization and implementation，supervision and inspection，dissemination and training.
|
||
During project implementation and operation，the following management methods and regulations are also formulated in order to achieve scientifically sound management and standardize and institutionalize management.
|
||
●Provisional Management Method of the Central PMO
|
||
●Provisional Management Method of the Local PMOs at demonstration sties
|
||
●Responsibilities of Local PMOs
|
||
●Demonstration Site Construction Management Method
|
||
●Financial Management Method
|
||
●Project Bidding and Bid Evaluation Method
|
||
●Bidding Regulations for Recruiting International Specialist for Project Management
|
||
●Selection of Demonstration Site for Biogas Power Generation.
|
||
During the implementation of the project，local PMOs also formulated construction management method，technical service management method and public goods project management methods in line with local actual situations.
|
||
3.Operation and management
|
||
3.1 Sub-contracting of project
|
||
During the process of project implementation，project activities are contracted out through contract，the sub-contractors are responsible for project implementation.The sub-contractors are selected through open bidding and qualification review.Once the sub-contractors are identified，sub-contracts are signed between the project management and the sub-contractors that will implement project activities accordingly.Sub-contractors are subject to the guidance and supervision of the PMO.At the same time of signing contracts with sub-contractors，the PMO in line with contents formulates detailed TOR in which the tasks，objectives，activities，progress and budget are described in details that are acknowledged by the sub-contractors.When hiring short-term national and international consultants，contract is also signed with detailed TORs.The evaluation and review of the accomplishment of each task of the project are done in accordance with the contracts and the TORs.
|
||
3.2 Product procurement-market operation and open bidding
|
||
In accordance with project management method，the Law of Contracts of the People’s Republic of China，the Law of Biding of People’s Republic of China and the Implementation Method of International Bidding for Machinery and Electronic Products（Ordinance No.13）formulated by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China，the project commissioned China Technological International Bidding Company with rich experiences and outstanding business performance in international bidding to take the charge in the open bidding of international project management specialist，biogas power generation technological equipment，small wind turbine power generation system and solar water heater.According to the workload，certain number of potential bidders/experts is invited to bid.The PMO is responsible for formulating the generic principles of bidding and sub-contracting for the approval of the project steering committee.For international bidding，bidding documents are submitted to the project steering committee and the Netherlands Embassy for approval before released.The bid information is published in the newspaper in the Netherlands or other information network of the Netherlands.The bid evaluation committee consists of project steering committee，project advisory committee，representatives of the PMOs and relevant experts that evaluate the bids in accordance with legal procedures.The results of evaluation are submitted to the steering committee and the Netherlands Embassy for approval.Finally，the bid winners will sign contract with the PMO.
|
||
Major construction materials needed for demonstration site construction such as cement and spare parts of stoves，the county PMO undertakes the procurement.The construction of biogas digester，firewood and coal saving stoves is implemented through the organization of the county PMO.The system component products of household biogas digesters are selected and procured from the bid winning enterprises of the T-bond project by county PMO in line with the approved design.Office equipment and technical service equipment are procured by the central PMO in a unified manner.Through the above-mentioned transparent bidding and centralized procurement procedures，the selected technologies and products for the demonstration sites are ensured to be mature and reliable products that comply with standards and safety requirements and have reasonable prices，as well as meet the requirements of three warranties.The process ensured product quality and after sale service and increased the reliability and economics of project operation.Products procured following bidding procedures include：426sets of biogas water heaters，349sets of vacuum tube solar water heaters，680sets of closed circuit solar water heaters，443sets of household biomass gasification stoves，280sets of household small wind turbine generators and 32sets of wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system.
|
||
3.3 Organization and implementation of demonstration site
|
||
The PMO is responsible for overall organization，bidding and procurement，the provincial PMOs are responsible for supervision and inspection of construction，county PMOs are responsible for organization，coordination，operation and management of the construction of each demonstration site.The construction of the demonstration site strictly upheld the principle of uniform technical standards and comprehensive construction that is undertaken following the approved design.In the construction of demonstration sites，the central PMO authorizes the local PMOs to enter contracts with local qualified construction teams，subject to the approval of the central PMO，funds are then allocated in line construction progress and plan.The implementer in line with the design and the requirements of relevant construction standards construct works to meet the quality requirements and follow-up service.The construction workers have corresponding professional technical qualifications and certificates.
|
||
Each project household has archive card with two copies kept by the household and the county PMO respectively.The card carries information and data of the construction（including name of the household，activity，technical parameters，equipment，fund，constructor，construction completion date，supervisor and acceptance inspector，operation and use and economic benefits produced），which are fed in by the household and relevant personnel with proper signature.The progress of construction is input in the computer system by the county PMO，through the project network management system，such data is dynamically transmitted to upper levels.Project demonstration villages use information disclosure system through which the tasks and distribution of fund and materials are published to the village on the bulletin board.Local PMOs have also formulated many effective measures conducive to the project quality control and follow-up service provision.
|
||
3.4 Financial management
|
||
The budget and fund use plan of the project is proposed in the project inception report，which is approved by the project steering committee and the Netherlands Embassy to China.Project implementers open special bank account for management of project fund and keep the books.The principle of budgeting of the project is based on “output budget” and “output reimbursement” model，which can clearly demonstrate the operation and physical output of each activity to facilitate effective supervision and management.PMO provides semi-annual report and financial report to the steering committee and the Netherlands Embassy for approval.The semi-annual financial report includes the actual revenue and expenditure during the reporting period as well as detailed explanation for all budgeted items.In addition，the financial report also includes：（i）cash and bank account balance sheet and the explanation to project revenue and expenditure；（ii）fund flow of the project special account；（iii）comparison of the actual with the budget.In line with the semi-annual progress report and financial report as well as project implementation plan，the Netherlands Embassy disburses funds to contracts.
|
||
Fund management for demonstration site construction adopted special bank account approach.The legal person of the project is responsible for regular reports and phased disbursement.Allocation of each trunk of funds must be based on the budget and plan prior to construction，account settlement and progress after completion of the task，after checking and inspection for acceptance，funds can then be disbursed.This is to ensure that earmarked funds are used for designed activities.By far，no case of embezzlement，violation of laws and overdraft of project funds has been reported or discovered.
|
||
3.5 Exchange，training and reporting system
|
||
The PMO convenes semi-annual working meeting for demonstration site construction to exchange experiences and check the progress and quality of demonstration site construction as well as make arrangement for next steps.The project network management system met the requirements of publishing，information inquiries and feedback，project file management，transmission of project progress and inquiries.PMOs at different locations exchange and input data through the network，the central PMO can have clear overall picture of the project implementation at provincial，county，village and household levels.
|
||
Training is closely integrated with project implementation activities and is delivered timely.The project organized 10 large-scale central training sessions and study tour activities including management and technical staffers from provincial，county and village levels in the fields of biogas，solar energy，firewood saving stoves，wind power，micro hydropower，project management，computer and financial management，which have trained 454 person/times for local PMOs.According to their own needs，local PMOs have also conducted training including training of users.The project improved the management skills of rural energy industry in the project areas and part of the western regions，nurtured the technical force needed in the project，satisfied the needs of project construction and ensured the progress and quality of the project.
|
||
During project implementation，the project steering committee meets annually to attend reports of project progress，approve the work plan and budget for the next year and guide and supervise project implementation.The project advisory committee irregularly provides technical guidance and evaluation to the project implementation.At the same time，the PMO uses technical consultation and expert evaluation to solicit opinions of more experts.
|
||
4.Supervision and inspection
|
||
In order to ensure the quality and technological level of project construction，the PMO formulated series of supervision and inspection systems，which are based on the sub-contracts，TOR and contracts of construction.Through meeting，regular report，financial report，on-the-spot inspection，inspection and evaluation，financial supervision and external audit，it is to ensure that the project objectives are realized.
|
||
During project implementation，8 working meetings were convened respectively in Beijing and project demonstration sites by the local PMOs，sub-contractors and expert groups，focusing on timely summarization of experiences，inspection of project implementation，addressing problems occurred and arrangement of next steps，which ensured the smoothly implementation of the project.
|
||
Biogas product and equipment quality inspection，supervision and testing centre of the Ministry of Agriculture as the independent inspection agency for T-bond project carried out sampling inspection to the 14 demonstration villages in the 7 counties of the 4 provinces from December 15-31，2004 and November 23 to December 3，2005，under the leadership of the Department Science，Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture.After which，the PMO proposed rectification measures to problems identified and requested local PMOs to redress the issues in given period of time.
|
||
In accordance with stipulations of project contract，Beijing Zhonglong Accounting Firm carried out audit for the project during May 16 to June 16，2005 for fund use by the end of December 31，2004.The conclusion of the audit is that the project financial management system fairly and transparently reflected the financial status of the project as well as project revenue and expenditure by December 31，2004.
|
||
Following the requirements of the Department of Science，Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture，rural reform pilot area office of the Ministry organized expert group that carried out mid-term review to the Cooperation Project，focusing on summarization of successful experiences and innovations of the project provided to rural renewable energy construction programs of government，and identifying problems existed in project implementation and recommendations to address the problems.
|
||
5.Conclusion and finding
|
||
5.1 Support of the Chinese Government and the Netherlands Embassy – basis of smooth project implementation
|
||
The Department of International Relations and Economy and Trade of the Ministry of Commerce，the Department of International Cooperation and the Department of Science，Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture have provided effective leadership and support to the project.During project implementation，the project steering committee met once a year to attend the progress report，make decisions on important issues of the project and approve annual plan and budget so as to ensure smooth project implementation.The Division Chief of the Division of Renewable Energy of the Department of Science，Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture is the co-director of the PMO and exercises direct leadership and supervision to the project.The two Ambassadors of the Netherlands Embassy to China attached great importance to the project implementation.H.E.Ambassador Philip de Heer went to the project site in Yongshun of Hunan Province for field inspection.Local governments of the project site provided tremendous support and counterpart funding to the project implementation.
|
||
5.2 Careful planning and programmatic approach-the guarantee of smooth project implementation
|
||
The essence of the project is to provide services to farmers.In order to implement the rationales of serving farmers，programmatic measures of the three aspects are adopted in project management：（i）in line with the contents and targets of service，the project activities are managed by three categories of basic，demonstration and public goods projects；（ii）in order to ensure the quality of products and services，all procurement is done through bidding and centralized procurement；（iii）there is carefully designed plan for each project activity with high practicality，outline and budget，and the best institutes and experts are selected to implement the project.Local PMOs in addition to providing fund according to annual plan and project design also provided fund support to routine operation of the project.
|
||
5.3 The establishment of expert team-key to ensuring project quality
|
||
The expert advisory group consists of prominent and experienced specialists in the field of rural renewable energy in China is responsible for design，construction technical guidance，quality and progress supervision and inspection at household level in the demonstration villages.According to statistics，during the three years of construction and operation，experts worked on-the-spot and worked over 800 days，which has become an outstanding feature of the project.The project has also established expert advisory committee to provide consultation，evaluation and review to important issues of the project implementation at different stages of the project.Experts from the Netherlands also participated in project management，which enabled project management to fully integrate with international practices.In addition，experts from Germany，Czech，US，Sweden and the Netherland participated in the sub-contracting of the project and made great contribution to the project.
|
||
5.4 Strengthened supervision and inspection-strong support to the realization of project objectives
|
||
In line with the actual situation of the project and international practices，the project issued open and transparent management method and regulations so that management of the project is scientifically sound，institutionalized，standardized and done through contracting.Through working meeting，regular working reports and on-the-spot inspection and financial supervision，it ensured that the project objectives are realized.In line with the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Netherlands Embassy，independent and specialized quality，financial and administration agencies carried out external inspection，audit and evaluation of the project，to ensure standardization and fair and transparent operation during the entire process of project implementation.
|
||
5.5 Exploration and practice of sustainable development mechanism enabled project dissemination
|
||
In line with the dissemination of several categories of renewable energy technological models in the construction of the demonstration sties，experts from China and overseas carried out intensive studies and analysis on the dissemination following market operation mechanism，which provided good experiences and recommendations for dissemination of project achievements in other areas with similar conditions.At present，the experiences of project construction have been disseminated to the surrounding areas of the project sites，the public goods projects of primary schools of the demonstration villages are now named as “Ecological School Campus” construction model to be popularized in the schools in local areas and other parts of the country.The capacity building of technical service system in the demonstration villages and renewable energy education activities in schools provide solid basis for the sustained development and dissemination of the project.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Central PMO，Inception Report of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project，2003.12
|
||
[2]Rural reform pilot area office of the Ministry of Agriculture，Mid-term evaluation report of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project，2005.10
|
||
[3]Deng Keyun，Renewable energy serving farmers-proceedings of the International on Workshop of New Countryside with Renewable Energy，Beijing 2007.3
|
||
Categorized Design and Phased Implementation
|
||
1.Stressing capacity building and information sharing，strengthening project implementation momentum and upscaling project achievements
|
||
The development objective of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project is to promote poverty reduction and environment protection in rural areas of western China.Specific measures are through developing and utilizing locally available renewable energy resources to improve domestic energy use of rural residents and the ecological environment，and to promote farmers’ income growth and to shake off poverty.The target groups of the project are farmers，rural energy administration and relevant technicians and civil engineers of the project area.
|
||
However，we should note that due to limitation of geographical environment and natural conditions，the development of rural economy in most western regions is still at natural economic development stage，the ideas of relying on natural conditions for food and being content once there is enough to eat and wear are deeply rooted in the mindsets of farmers.Due to low income level，most stakeholders did not have high motivation and awareness of participation in the development and utilization of renewable energy technologies.Therefore，mobilizing the target groups of the project to actively participate in project implementation is the key to success.
|
||
In order to smoothly implement the project，the Cooperation Project attached great importance to capacity building at the beginning of project design.As the starting and pillar point of project implementation，“capacity building” is one of the four project components.Based on the study and analysis of project design and field studies and implementation after project launching，the component of capacity building is set to strengthen capacity of human resources，inspection and testing institution and information network service of rural renewable energy of the western regions of China.The major targets of training of human resources are management staffers，technicians，quality inspection and testing practitioners and farmer technicians in rural energy system in the western region.The implementation of capacity building component is interwoven with the entire project implementation.
|
||
Another outstanding feature of the Cooperation Project is that it has important and independent component of “dissemination and extension”，which is an important means of achieving the overall objective of the project.The objective of project dissemination and extension is through disseminating technologies，products，demonstration experiences of renewable energy，including operation and management model，to increase public awareness about renewable energy，promote upscaling of rural renewable energy development in western regions，so as to address the problem of energy shortage for domestic use，improve the quality of life of local resident，and promote the improvement of ecological environment and local economic development.
|
||
With over four years of efforts in project implementation，the two components of “capacity building” and “dissemination and extension” have achieved very good results and laid solid foundation for the successful implementation of the entire project.
|
||
2.Selecting different regions for demonstration，exploring different technological models and broadening the application of the project
|
||
Since reform and opening up，rural economy in the western regions of China has been developing very fast，however，it is still behind the eastern regions.Major energy sources for domestic use in the western region are forest，firewood and stalks，i.e.mainly biomass.In 2000，the per capita average domestic energy consumption of rural China was 388kg TC，it was only 358kg TC in the western regions.The per capita electricity consumption of the western region is only half of that in the eastern and central part of the country.With development of many years，the technologies and products of rural renewable energy in China are becoming more and more mature，such technologies and products are suitable to the needs of economic development and new countryside construction of the poverty-stricken western regions.
|
||
In line with different regions of western China，the Cooperation Project selected 14 villages in the 7 counties（cities）as Maiji District of Tianshui of Gansu，Langzhong City，Yilong and Nanbu counties of Sichuan Province，Honghu City and Enshi of Hubei and Yongshun County of Hunan as the demonstration sites.Adopting different energy conversion technologies and their combinations，it is to develop and use locally available renewable energy resources to improve domestic energy use of farmers and increase farmers’ income.
|
||
With several years of construction，the Cooperation Project explored and established four technology combination models as solar energy use and water saving irrigation development model for arid and semi-arid areas of the northwestern region，the “one biogas digester and five renovations” and small biogas digester development model of the hilly areas of northeastern Sichuan Province，household biogas and micro hydropower and energy conservation construction model of Wulingshan mountainous areas and wind turbine power generation and wind turbine photovoltaic hybrid power generation system for fishing villages in lake areas.
|
||
The Cooperation Project also imported advanced biogas power generation system from Europe and successfully established the pilot station in Huazhuang Dairy Cow Breeding Center of Lanzhou.The power generation unit imported from Czech Republic has realized power generation connected with grid and CHP，which effectively resolved pollution problem caused by manure and instable power supply to the farm.The remaining heat of the biogas power generation is used to heat the fermentation towers，which facilitated safe wintering of the biogas fermentation facilities and greatly improved the production efficiency of biogas.
|
||
The above five models involve multiple aspects of rural renewable energy.The selection of technologies is based on local conditions and the application scale varies substantively，which fully reflected the principle of rural energy development of “adopting suitable measures in line with local conditions，making multiple resources mutually complementary for integrated use and seeking practical results”.The project provides valuable experiences to other regions with similar conditions and other developing countries in rural renewable energy development and utilization.
|
||
3.Project activities designed to meet the needs of multiple dimensions
|
||
With reference to the investment principle and method of the rural small public goods construction project and rural biogas digester T-bond project，the Cooperation Project during its implementation adopted the principle of design by categories，participation by multiple stakeholders and benefiting all.
|
||
1）The principle of directly benefiting farmer：it reflects the fact that farmers are the mainstream of beneficiaries of the project.The objective of project investment is to directly improve the living environment of farmer in poverty-stricken areas，and to alleviate poverty.
|
||
2）The principle of voluntary participation of farmer households：the will of farmers is respected.On the basis of extensive dissemination of project objectives，farmers are encouraged to sign in voluntarily for project activities.At the same time，participating farmer households are also required to input some fund during the construction，including necessary labor and construction material to ensure that the project can achieve lasting effects.
|
||
3）The principle of stressing fairness and public benefits：since some farmers do not have the conditions or capacity to participate in the project，some public goods projects are also considered such as primary school and senior’s home during the process of project design.As such，those that can not participate in the project can also enjoy the benefits brought about by the project.
|
||
4）The principle of supporting energy conservation production activities：some able-men or leaders are selected to implement production activities that can bring big profit，centering environment improvement in livestock production and energy conservation in agricultural product processing，such production projects are implemented to promote the adoption of advanced energy technologies so as to reach the objectives of reducing cost and increasing income.The able-men will then lead the villagers to prosperity by using science and technologies.
|
||
In line with the above principles，the grant provided to the project by the Netherlands Government is used for the following three categories of project：
|
||
1）Basic projects are those energy use projects accepted by most of the project households，such as household biogas digester，high efficiency stove，solar water heater and household wind turbine power generation system.Different project activities are staged for different project demonstration areas and such activities are mostly covered by project funds.But at the same time，the project also requires project households to raise some funds as counterpart support to projects such as kitchen，pig pen，toilet and courtyard renovation.
|
||
2）Demonstration projects are those higher level energy development and conservation projects only a few project households can participate in，including passive solar dwelling，biogas projects for small-scale livestock farms，micro hydropower stations，household wind and photovoltaic hybrid power generation system，plastic greenhouse，energy conservation drying house and water saving irrigation works.The proportion supported by project fund varies according to activities，which is mainly to mobilize the enthusiasm of project households and promote farmers’ income growth.
|
||
3）Public goods projects are those that every one in the demonstration village can benefit such as sewage purification biogas digester，solar water heater for bathing，solar road lamps，high efficiency stove and energy conservation boilers in village primary school or seniors’ home.On one hand，the activities can improve the living and learning conditions of teachers and pupils and the seniors，on the other hand，it provides good conditions to the school for delivering education in environment protection.
|
||
In short，the construction of demonstration villages in the Cooperation Project has stressed both coverage and depth of the project，it has attached great attention to all groups in the village，to environment improvement，to benefit of production and to the future development.It has reflected the rationale that renewable energy is to produce welfare to the public and to build harmonious society.
|
||
4.Stressing study on the project operation mechanism and the establishment of technical service system，and promoting sustainable development of the project
|
||
Rural renewable energy development and utilization projects have certain energy effects but the economic effects are usually poor while more effects are reflected through environment and social effects.How to ensure that such public goods projects can effectively operate and achieve lasting effects has been a problem obsessing many people，especially in rural areas of developing countries and economically less developed areas.
|
||
The basic concept of sustainable development of the project is that project works or facilities can be effectively used during the life of such facilities.In order to reach that objective，effective support to project households must be ensured in the process of using new technologies，and households can benefit from project operation.Therefore，it is necessary to establish an effective operation management mechanism and technical service system.
|
||
The externality of project sustainability is that the experiences achieved through demonstration project can be replicated in other areas with similar conditions.In other words，the experiences in investment method，technology selection，project design and operation model can provide references to other regions to promote upscaling of the project achievements.Hence，it involves the studies and analysis of the financing mechanism，target market group，external policy environment，the cost and benefits of product and service supply chain，and technological progress and product substitution.
|
||
As an international aid project，one of the objectives pursued by the project itself is the sustainable development of the project.Therefore，the Cooperation Project at the beginning of design stressed issues of sustainable development，which is listed as one of project activities.Fund allocation is set apart for study and exploration on this subject.This is an outstanding feature of the Cooperation Project.
|
||
Along with the project progress，study on sustainable development mechanism of the project has attracted more and more attention and gone deeper and deeper.At the later phase of project implementation，it is consolidated with the follow-up studies of strategy design of project dissemination and extension to systematically explore the strategy of project extension.Relating to sustainable development of the project，the construction of the project demonstration sites incorporated a new activity of technical service support to improve the project operation and service mechanism.
|
||
At the later stage of project implementation and in order to achieve sustainable development，the PMO tabled the following requirements in association with the instructions and requirements of relevant leaders of the Ministry of Agriculture and exchanges and discussions of the project counties and expert advisory group：
|
||
1）Stressing project operation and benefits：in line with project objective and design，active efforts should be made to operate and manage the project and pay close attention to the integration of energy development and agricultural production and promote income growth and improvement of living standards of project households.
|
||
2）Stressing management through good practices：according to the requirements of project sustainable development，PMOs should actively explore effective management models and approaches in association with project dissemination and extension to summarize management methods and experiences that have unique features yet applicable extensively.
|
||
3）Stressing testing for data acquisition：project counties should collect testing data and information from project households as well as local social and economic development data so as to provide reliable data and foundation for the assessment of the project effects and experiences summarization.
|
||
4）Stressing experiences for model summarization：attention should be given to tracking，analysis and summarization of typical cases and in association with the features of local natural resource conditions and economic development to establish project construction models with local features and promote project dissemination and extension.
|
||
These management requirements reflected the principle and requirements of project sustainable development at operational dimension.
|
||
5.Conclusion
|
||
From the above summarization and analysis，one can see that the construction，operation and management of the Cooperation Project including capacity building，planning，design，implementation at multiple dimensions，mechanism study and dissemination and extension have many innovations that are of value of references.
|
||
However，one should have noted that the achievements of the results and experiences are attributable to national policies and external environment conducive to the development and application of renewable energy in China，in addition to the innovations and efforts of the experts both from home and abroad，local rural energy offices and project implementers.The project also benefited from the support and assistance provided by relevant departments and leaders.We believe that the technology and management of future rural renewable energy projects in China will be further improved.
|
||
On-the-spot Guidance Provision by Experts Ensured the Quality of Project Construction
|
||
1.Preface
|
||
The central PMO of the Cooperation Project at the initial stage of the project invited prominent experts in energy policy，solar energy，biogas，wind energy and energy conservation and established expert technical advisory group for the construction of demonstration sites.The expert participated in the studies and identification of the demonstration sites at the initial stage of project，and then identified technologies for the demonstration sites and designed model of demonstration.Experts shared responsibilities of providing technical guidance to each demonstration site，participated in the training and lectures targeted at local levels.They participated in consultation and design of some important project works and adjustment of individual projects.They developed series of popular science materials in renewable energy and energy conservation in agricultural product processing and offered training to farmers in science and technology.In association with local PMOs，they helped formulate the follow-up service and management method of the project after its completion in construction，and tabled proposals for project dissemination.
|
||
During the implementation of the project，experts spent over 800 working days providing on the spot technical guidance to the project construction.These experts have been engaged in research，development and utilization of rural renewable energy for many years hence have rich theoretical and practical knowledge and skills in popularizing renewable energy technologies.They went to project sites and discussed with farmers in order to get first hand information，and supported PMOs to guide correct project implementation.Through the efforts of the experts，a large number of talents of rural renewable energy development and utilization has been trained.Experts also facilitated the improvement of the management of the local PMOs.
|
||
2.Fully participation of experts ensured the achievement of project objectives
|
||
2.1 Selection of demonstration sites-representing typical situation of the western and central regions of China
|
||
Through large-scale studies and household surveys，it is decided to carry out demonstration site construction in 7 counties of Maiji，Nanbu，Yilong，Langzhong，Enshi，Honghu and Yongshun of Gansu，Sichuan，Hubei and Hunan provinces.Theses sites can well represent the resources，rural economic level，agricultural production structure，energy resources and utilization status，rural social and environment status of western and central parts of the country，which provides very valuable references to the dissemination after the completion of project construction，and reflected the objectives of the project design.
|
||
2.2 Technology and model selection in line with local conditions
|
||
In line with the inception report of the project and the results of household survey，in accordance with the resources，needs and economic development of the demonstration villages of four types of different regions，12 items of renewable energy technologies are bundled into 5 technological combinations for implementation in the northwest arid and semi-arid areas represented by Maiji of Tianshui，the northeast Sichuan hilly areas represented by Langzhong，Nanbu and Yilong of Sichuan Province，Wuling mountainous areas represented by Enshi of Hubei and Yongshun of Hunan and the lake areas represented by Honghu of Hubei Province.Through the construction of demonstration sites，four types of construction models are established.
|
||
The application of technologies and construction of models have produced significant energy，economic，ecological and social effects in different project sites，and provided examples and experiences to rational development and use of renewable energy，ecological agricultural development and sustainable agricultural development，agricultural structure adjustment，promotion of farmers’ income growth，education of students and the public in sustainable development as well as the construction of socialist new countryside，the project has far-reaching important impacts.In particular，the construction of ecological school campus is an innovation with unique significance.In the construction of ecological school campus，it established an education platform for primary and middle school students in energy and sustainable development，which turned the articles of the Law of Renewable Energy of the People’s Republic of China into practices.Education in energy and sustainable development to primary and middle school students and the general public can gradually establish the awareness of sustainable development，a long-term plan.The construction of ecological school campus has attracted high attention of the Ministry of Finance，the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Agriculture.Starting from 2006，the government plans to use 10 years to popularize ecological school campus model in rural primary and middle schools.
|
||
3.Full participation of experts ensured the quality of project construction and scientific soundness
|
||
3.1 Experts’ timely guidance ensured the quality of project construction
|
||
During project implementation，experts went to the construction site and timely handled problems identified in the construction in association with local PMOs and technicians.Meanwhile，they offered on-the-spot training in order to ensure the project construction quality.
|
||
Mr.Hao Fangzhou and Zheng Qishou，members of the expert groups，on the site of biogas digester construction in the demonstration village in Enshi discovered the technical problems，they immediately consulted the Enshi PMO and timely organized training for the construction workers，which improved the technical level and the awareness of workers about quality.In Enshi City，the head of the expert group，Mr.Luo Zhentai，Mr.Zheng Qishou，member of expert group had detailed discussions with local PMO and technicians about the construction of ecological school campus，focusing on sewage purification biogas digester so as to determine the technical plan for construction.Construction of ecological school campus in Enshi generated great social impact thanks to its high quality and benefits.As a result，in November 2006 the Central Information Dissemination Ministry and the Ministry of Agriculture sent officials to the ground for detailed studies.In Nanbu County of Sichuan Province，Professor Zhang Bailiang and Jiao Qingyu went to the site to study energy conservation measures in chrysanthemum drying facilities，which not only improved the quality of products，but also saved time，reduced production cost and increased farmers’ income，with significant energy conservation and economic effects.In order to resolve the problem of vibration of the blades of wind turbine generator at the demonstration site of Honghu Lake area，Mr.Shen Dechang went to the site many times with technicians of the manufacturer and offered recommendations to the improvement and achieved good results.High efficiency lifted Kang is a new type of Kang to be popularized in northern China，it has large areas of thermal use with rapid thermal conductivity，even thermal distribution，good insulation and over 30% of thermal efficiency.Its thermal efficiency can reach 70% to 80% when combined with stove.Mr.Huo Zhicheng，Senior Engineer went to the demonstration site in Maiji District to study and popularize high efficiency Kang，the technology in Maiji covered 73households，saving 30% of firewood and the temperature is 5℃ higher than ordinary Kang，hence it is well received by farmers.
|
||
Experts often went to farmer households to solicit opinions farmers about the project construction.In line with the recommendations of farmers，they improved project design to better meet the needs of farmers，which has won the support and trust of farmers of the project site.
|
||
3.2 Experts’ timely adjustment of project activities reflected the programmatic and scientific attitude
|
||
The project demonstration villages in Enshi of Hubei and Yongshun of Hunan had greenhouses designed in the original plan，but the local market resources，climate and technical conditions are not suitable to the popularization of the technique.In line with the agricultural structure adjustment plan as well as resource conditions，after consultation with the on-site expert and the PMO，it was decided to use energy conservation tobacco drying house to replace greenhouse，which received great support from the central PMO.In 2005，in Dongping and Mizhai villages of Yongshun County and Xiayunba Village of Engshi 153 tobacco drying houses are set up and the acreage of tobacco reached 1 300mu.The production value of the two villages are 690 000 Yuan and 380 000 Yuan in the current year，per capita income of farmers increased from 2 400 Yuan and 1 100 Yuan in 2004 to 3 150 Yuan and 2 100 Yuan in 2005.The energy consumption of new type of tobacco drying houses decreased from 2kg/kg tobacco to below 2kg，in some cases it is 1.5kg.During project implementation，experts of the technical advisory group of the Cooperation Project extended energy conservation technologies in agricultural product processing in close association of local agricultural structure adjustment，which achieved significant economic benefits，not only created new growth point to farmers’ income increase，but also produced significant impact on the dissemination of the project.
|
||
Project adjustment reflected the scientific attitudes of the central PMO and the experts in serving rural areas，serving agriculture，serving farmers and their programmatic approaches in project implementation.
|
||
4.Working at farmer household level，experts provided technical backstopping to the establishment of follow-up technical service system
|
||
4.1 Closely combined technical training and project implementation
|
||
During project implementation，in addition to offering technical training at the demonstration sites，the expert advisory group also participated in the 9 large-scale technical training courses conducted in the Central PMO.In line with the fields of experiences，the experts respectively attended technical lectures of energy policy，solar energy，energy conservation technologies and stove，biogas technologies and wind energy use.Through training，staffers of the county PMOs and technicians improved their performance as well as their awareness about quality and the sense of responsibility，which further improved the technical level of the project and the quality of the construction is ensured.
|
||
4.2 Promotion of follow-up service and dissemination and the establishment of local technical service team
|
||
After the project demonstration sites went into operation and in order to ensure that the project can sustain on its own，the experts and local PMOs timely formulated series of use and management method for project facilities.In order to guide users to correctly master the O&M methods of various facilities，the experts for the first time in China developed cartoon popular science materials with text and images that are easily understandable to rural readers，featuring 7 types of rural renewable energy technologies：O&M of household biogas digester，O&M of biomass stove，construction and maintenance of solar dwelling（lifted Kang），O&M of solar water heater，O&M of household small wind turbine generator，O&M of micro hydropower station，and construction and maintenance of chrysanthemum and tobacco drying facilities.These materials are sent to the farmers who can use the technologies at ease once mastered them.With assistance of the experts，technicians at demonstration sites also offered technical training to support the establishment of follow-up service system.
|
||
5.Conclusions and findings
|
||
5.1 Conclusions
|
||
The expert group participated the entire process of project implementation through contracting demonstration sites，working at farmer household level，adopting suitable measures to local conditions and providing guidance and technical backstopping to project construction and operation management.These measures have improved the technological and management levels of the project construction，ensured the quality and smooth implementation of the project，and played important role in the lasting effects of the project as well as project dissemination.The practice of the Cooperation Project is an innovation，providing valuable references in terms of work style and model to other similar projects in the country.
|
||
5.2 Findings
|
||
At present，rural energy construction project in the country covers large area with heavy workload，even though there is participation of experts in project design and evaluation，but there are hardly experts providing technical guidance on the site.Therefore，the technical level and quality of project construction varied greatly.Meanwhile，once the project is determined and situation has changed，it is hardly to adjust the project.As such，the objectives of the project could not be achieved.The departments at national level should use the experiences of the Cooperation Project to establish a benign working mechanism of combining administrative decision making and experts’ support.Through adopting suitable measures to local conditions and guidance provision according to categories，it is to promote rural renewable energy development and use to a sustainable and healthy path.
|
||
Training Implemented throughout the Project-Analysis on the Role of Capacity Building for Human Resources in the Cooperation Project
|
||
1.Overview
|
||
Western China boosts rich renewable energy resources，however，its development and utilization in terms scale，technology and management is far behind the eastern regions of the country.Relying solely on strengthening the development of natural resources in the Western Region can not fundamentally shorten the gap between the east and west of China.In order to realize leap social and economic development in the western regions，the development of human resources must be the top priority in the development strategy so as to establish new concepts about resources and development and convert the burden of population to high quality of human resource advantage.
|
||
Human capacity building is an important base in the entire project implementation.Its objectives are（i）to train and fully tap the role of renewable energy management and extension agents，technicians and end users of the project demonstration sites in rural renewable energy science and technology progress and innovations，strengthen training in policy，laws and regulations，standardization and information；（ii）increase the management skills，innovation capacities and competitiveness in market conditions of rural renewable energy management staffers and engineering technicians；（iii）popularize rural renewable energy science and technologies so that the constructors of rural renewable energy and farmers can establish new rationales of optimized resources deployment and agricultural and rural market economic development to master new technologies of rural renewable energy，and（iv）uplift the global capacity of human resources.
|
||
The project has organized 10 large-scale technical training sessions and study tours in biogas，solar energy，firewood saving stove，wind power，micro hydropower，project management，computer and financial affairs for provincial，county and village management personnel and technicians.The project provided technical training to 454 person/times of local PMOs，which satisfied the needs of project construction（details are given in table 1）.
|
||
Table 1 Training activities implemented in the component of human capacity building
|
||
Table 1 Training activities implemented in the component of human capacity building（continue）-1
|
||
Local PMOs in line with the actual needs of the demonstration sites also organized on-the-spot training and science and technology reaching rural areas.The targets of training included management，technical staffers and end users in the project sites including women and students.
|
||
2.Organization and management measures
|
||
2.1 Careful planning and organization
|
||
The Energy and Environment Protection Technology Development Center of the Ministry of Agriculture attaches great attention to training activities of the project and adopted multiple measures to ensure the success of project implementation.Firstly，the Center sets up a project group with responsibilities assigned to individual.A project group chaired by the leader of the Center with 6 technical backbones as the members was established to take the charge of project planning，design and organization.Secondly，a detailed work plan is worked out.Activities specified in the contract are implemented one by one and an outline of work was established with strong practicalities.Thirdly，coordination and communication is strengthened.Prior to each set of activities，the Center would report to and communicate with the PMO，so as to ensure the integration with other project activities.Fourthly，each set of activities is carefully organized.The organization of training is organized by experienced technical backbone of the center，adequate preparation work is done to ensure the smooth and high quality delivery of training activities.
|
||
2.2 Full participation of project experts
|
||
In delivering training activities，the role of experts is fully tapped，who have profound knowledge，rich experiences，well understanding about the project progress and high sense of responsibilities，who delivered most of the training.The contents of training are well targeted with good results，training also created opportunities for exchange and communication to facilitate the work of the PMOs and project experts.
|
||
2.3 Activity organization mechanism
|
||
During project implementation，the mechanism of “with four” has been upheld；（i）with outline：prior to each set of activities，a detailed work plan is worked out including the objective of training，contents，agenda and budget；（ii）with budget：organization of activities needs budget to be approved by the PMO for implementation；（iii）with wrap-up report：after each set of activities，a wrap-up report is provided including the outline，notification，wrap-up report，evaluation report，account settlement report and instructor list；and（iv）with evaluation：filling the comprehensive evaluation form and evaluation form of instructors is a necessary activity of each set of activities，so as to solicit the opinions and recommendations of the participants about the organization，contents and quality of instructors，which will serve as the basis of improving of future training.
|
||
2.4 Role of PMOs at all levels
|
||
With the assistance of the national PMO，the implementation of the component fully taps the role of the provincial and county PMOs.In particular，when the training activities are organized in local areas，each project county would actively participate in organization and preparation of the activities and provide great support in terms human and materials to the smooth delivery of the project activities.In the four years of project implementation，the seven project counties have at least hosted one training session and made great contribution to the training.
|
||
3.Role analysis
|
||
3.1 Nurturing backbone-provision of technical backstopping
|
||
Six technical training sessions and study tours are organized involving almost all the mainstream technologies of rural renewable energy such as biogas，solar energy，firewood saving stoves，wind energy and micro hydropower，which has trained over 277 technical backbones for local PMOs and met the technical needs of project construction.
|
||
3.2 Project management training-improving project management
|
||
In addition to technical training，the component also delivered 2sessions of management training and 2study tours of management focusing on project management but more importantly it broadened the vision of the participants and increased their awareness and changed the thinking approaches of the participants to some extent.In addition，five activities out of the 10sets are integrated with project working meetings，which effectively improved the project management efficiency.
|
||
3.3 Study tour-broadening vision and horizon
|
||
Firstly，the project organized personnel from provincial，county and village levels to visit developed areas such as Zhejiang Province to observe advanced renewable energy technologies，which furthered the understanding and cognition of the participants about the renewable energy；secondly，the project organized backbones of the project from province and county who visited the Netherlands，Germany and France to study and visit to further broaden their vision and horizon.
|
||
3.4 Establishment of a platform-ensuring project quality
|
||
The implementation of this component has established three platforms：（i）technical training platform，databanks of experts，instructors and training materials have been established；and（ii）project management platform，it strengthened contacts of the state，province and county PMOs and among the project villages.
|
||
3.5 Establishment of follow-up service rationale and strengthening the capacity of sustainable operation
|
||
At the later stage of project implementation and considering sustainable operation of the project after construction is completed，the project organized training on capacity building of technical services，which presented experiences of follow-up services.Participants visited biogas service stations using real estate management approaches，which increased the understanding of project officials about the importance of sustainable operation.It also introduced key points and mechanism of follow-up service，providing solid basis for the sustainable operation of the project.
|
||
4.Experiences and findings
|
||
4.1 Analysis on training needs
|
||
Training needs analysis is the base for training activities.Prior to training，serious survey is needed to find out the needs，which is very conducive to the improvement of accuracy of targeting and timeliness of project training.In order to formulate outline and undertake training needs analysis，it is proposed to undertake training from technical，management and mentality，furthermore，clearly defined quantity and quality requirements are needed，which have very obvious results on the improving the effects of training.
|
||
4.2 Organic combination of training activities with project working meeting
|
||
When the training activities involve most of the project areas and when conditions permit，training should be as much as possible combined with project management meetings，since it can save financial and human resources and improve project management and operation.
|
||
4.3 Upholding activity evaluation system
|
||
Evaluation of the delivered activities is an important way to ensure and improve the quality of training.During the implementation process of the component，a total number of 12 evaluation forms are designed and 283 comprehensive evaluation forms are received from participants and 276 from instructors.In general，92% of respondents are satisfied with the organization of training；88% have the view that training achieved good results，84% responded that training activities are productive to project implementation，94.2% of instructors are satisfied.At the same time，the evaluation forms provided many training needs information and recommendations and requirements for future training，it is a bridge between trainers and trainees.
|
||
4.4 Increasing practice in training
|
||
The ability to work is one of the important contents of training in renewable energy.The proportion of practice is close to 50%，it is very important to facilitate understanding about the lectures，enhance training results，improve operational skills and share operational skills，it is the key point of training in construction projects.
|
||
Model and Practice for Dissemination and Extension of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
|
||
1.Project dissemination as an independent component
|
||
The development and utilization of renewable energy can provide clean energy supply to people and reduce and/or avoid environment pollution caused by fossil fuels.However，the development and utilization of renewable energy in general is still at starting stage with many problems as high production costs，weak pubic awareness and poor management methods，etc.Therefore，it is every important to deliver a good job in demonstration and pilot sites construction as well as dissemination and extension of project achievements.
|
||
The project of“Promotion of Rural Renewable Energy in of Western China”is a grant project through which the Netherlands Government supports China’s western region development and poverty reduction.One outstanding feature of the project in terms of project activities is that“dissemination and extension”is treated as an independent component that has equal importance to the“hardware”components of the project，which is an important means to achieve the overall objective of the project.
|
||
Project“dissemination and extension”includes two major aspects：（i）dissemination of project activity implementation and（ii）extension of the results and experiences of the project，with ultimate objectives as the following：
|
||
●Increase pubic awareness about the development and utilization of renewable energy in rural area；
|
||
●Disseminate advanced and mature rural renewable energy technologies；
|
||
●Actively promote upscaling project achievements.
|
||
A good job in project dissemination not only needs good dissemination means and information media，but also a good organization and management system and operation model，which can facilitate maximization of cost effectiveness of dissemination.
|
||
During project implementation，dissemination is based on the principle of“highlighting the key，seeking practical results，expanding impacts and progressing by levels”and is delivered in line with project progress，where project activities are implemented and what stage and what are the objectives of project components.The accuracy，entirety and timeliness of public information are subject to the review by project managers at different levels in line with the impact scope of such reports.
|
||
2.Target groups and methods of organization of project dissemination
|
||
2.1 Target groups and recipients
|
||
In addition to rural households and agricultural enterprises that are the direct target group of renewable energy development and use，the target of project dissemination also includes government decision making departments，news media，research and extension organizations of energy and environment protection，manufacturing enterprises of relevant equipment，public organizations and their social groups.
|
||
The direct recipients of project dissemination not only include rural residents，rural enterprises，organizations and institutions of the project demonstration sites and the surrounding areas，but also rural residents of similar areas in the country，rural enterprises and other groups，organizations and administration related renewable energy development and utilization.
|
||
2.2 Means of dissemination
|
||
Project dissemination means includes：
|
||
1）Television news，radio news and special TV and radio columns；
|
||
2）Newspaper，thematic periodicals，popular science materials，technological pamphlets；
|
||
3）Digital media，such as multimedia CD，website and AV materials；
|
||
4）Exhibition tools，such as posters，display boards，equipment model and technological models；
|
||
5）On-the-spot demonstration and technological presentation；
|
||
6）Thematic technological workshop and training.
|
||
Figure 1 Project information，media and recipients
|
||
2.3 Organization modality and approaches
|
||
The organization modalities and approaches of dissemination include general and technical information dissemination in different technical disciplines at different levels.
|
||
Dissemination at different levels and scopes include those activities initiated by the PMO and project activity implementers.
|
||
Technical fields include thematic information dissemination and exchange in biogas，solar energy，wind power，micro hydropower and energy conservation technologies，as well as project operation model，performance evaluation，international cooperation.
|
||
3.Information dissemination model of project extension
|
||
3.1 Information flow control
|
||
PMO and the project dissemination component manager are responsible for the overall extension and dissemination of the project.Each project component implementer，local PMOs，technical backstopping organizations and project granter provide information to the central PMO that will determine information to be sorted and processed by the component in line with the overall project extension and dissemination objective.
|
||
3.2 Information collection and coordination
|
||
The PMO will collect and process all information related to the project including that of the project and outside the project，which is the major source of project information.Meanwhile，PMO supervises each component implementer and all related to provide assistance to the contractor of the component of project extension and dissemination，the PMO also coordinates the relations of stakeholders in these activities.
|
||
3.3 Production and transmission of media information
|
||
In line with different target groups，the implementer of dissemination processes and edits information and uses different media and carrier to deliver the information to the target groups through different channels，which is demonstrated by the solid line in figure 2.
|
||
When implementing project tasks，other contractors maintain close contact and exchange with target groups，it hence facilitates dissemination，but is out of the control of the component of dissemination.It is demonstrated by the dotted lines in figure 2.
|
||
Figure 2 Information flow
|
||
4.Organizations participating in project dissemination
|
||
1）Supporting institutes to project dissemination
|
||
●Project initiators and supporters：The Netherlands Embassy，the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Agriculture.
|
||
●Government agencies at central and local levels such as NDRC，State Council Poverty Reduction Office，SEPA，the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Pubic Health.
|
||
●News media such as national TV columns，local TV news specials，national and local thematic periodicals and newspaper.
|
||
●Research institutes and academies，such as the Planning and Design Academy of the Ministry of Agriculture，Energy Research Institute of NDRC，Tsinghua University，China Agricultural University，Biogas Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture.
|
||
●Manufacturers of various renewable energy equipment and public organizations as solar water heater production and marketing firms，manufacturers of domestic energy conservation stoves and manufacturers of biogas power generation equipment.
|
||
●Exhibition and specialized workshops in China and abroad.
|
||
2）Implementation agency of project dissemination
|
||
●National specialized TV and newspaper such as CCTV 7 and 9，Farmers’ Daily and China Daily.
|
||
●Provincial and municipal TV news columns and local newspaper of the project site.
|
||
●Relevant national and local new media such as the website of the China Association of Rural Energy Industry and magazines of Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation and Environment Protection.
|
||
●The contractor of project dissemination and extension and contractors for other components.
|
||
●Central PMO and local PMOs.
|
||
5.Examples of project dissemination activities
|
||
1）Project wall calendar
|
||
In order for farmers of project villages to know and understand the Cooperation Project，at the initial stage of the project，the contractor of project dissemination and extension carefully designed and produced a beautiful wall calendar of 2005“Sceneries of the West”featuring project goal，objectives and technologies，which are distributed to local PMOs，project villages and households，as well as ministries and commissions，so as to strengthen project dissemination.
|
||
2）Project picture pamphlet
|
||
In order to expand the scope of project dissemination and extension and to demonstrate the achievements of the project，the PMO organized experts who developed pamphlets for the project，mid-term picture book of the project implementation-green support from the Netherlands，as well as the project-end pamphlet-renewable energy serving poverty-stricken areas，presenting the missions，tasks and achievements of the project.
|
||
3）Project posters
|
||
During project construction，technical posters are produced in the way that farmers are happy to receive，including the“use of household biogas digester”，“energy conservation high efficiency stove”and“solar water heater”.In the posters，simple and easily understandable technical key points are incorporated.The posters are distributed to demonstration sites and posted on walls of over 2000farmer households.
|
||
In association with project progress，the contractor of project dissemination and extension designed and produced 10 portable rolling display panels for use in meetings，training and exhibition.It can easily convey to the audience the goal，significance and the progress of each component of the project.
|
||
4）Project website
|
||
In line with the work plan of project dissemination and extension and in association with the project information network capacity building，the PMO organized relevant experts who developed the bilingual project website www.CNRRE.org.cn through the Information Center of Ministry of Agriculture for disseminating project progress.Web pages include project brief，relevant technical issues，news about project activities and relevant links，and it is updated regularly.In line with the needs of project dissemination and extension and project network management system development，numerous improvements and upgrading are implemented to the web pages and system management functions during website updating.Modernized information technologies are used to disseminate project achievements.
|
||
5）Project bulletin
|
||
In order to timely report and release information about project implementation progress，the PMO publishes a quarterly Project Bulletin in both Chinese and English and distributes 110 copies through post office and email to line agencies，project implementers，related international institutions and experts and relevant organizations in China.
|
||
6）Reports carried by CCTV
|
||
Since its launching，the Cooperation Project has attracted high attention of CCTV，its Channel 7 and 9 followed the progress of the project demonstration site construction and made special reports.
|
||
In April and May 2005，the project was delivering wind turbine generators，solar dwelling，micro hydropower，household biogas digesters activities at household level，CCTV 7 developed a 40minute S&T education program：“clean energy marching into farmer households”，which was aired in two parts on May 30 and 31，i.e.18：30 of May 30 and 13：30 of May 31.The program attracted wide enthusiasm of rural viewers of the country.
|
||
Several days after the airing of the program，the PMO everyday received dozens of phone calls from over a dozen provinces in the country for inquires and consultation.Callers are farmers，some are migrant farmer workers or owners of small business.Some wanted technical materials and some wanted to invest in production.
|
||
7）Participating in energy and environment protection exhibition
|
||
For the purpose of disseminating the achievements and expanding social impact of the project，the project participated in the“Seventh China International Environment Project Technology Exhibition”in the National Agricultural Exhibition Center in Beijing from March 28 to 30，2006.Counters，models，posters and thematic video programs are used to outreach large audience to popularize project achievements，advanced renewable energy technologies used in the project and their role and effects.During the exhibition，over 10000visitors came to the berth and many of them expressed great interest in the project.Beijing TV and other news media made special report on the counter of Cooperation Project.
|
||
8）Popular science materials of the project
|
||
To enable more rural energy technical administrators and farmer technicians to learn and master new technologies of rural renewable energy use，the PMO organized technical experts of the project who developed series of popular science and technologic materials with text enriched by pictures in rural renewable energy technologies covering O&M of household small wind turbine generator，construction and operation of chrysanthemum and tobacco drying facilities.There are all together 7series in English and Chinese，which have been officially published by China Agricultural Publishing House in June 2006.
|
||
9）International workshop
|
||
March 12-13，2007，the project organized the international workshop on“new countryside with renewable energy”held in Beijing.Over 180 participants from inside and outside the country came to the meeting，and over 50 participants made presentations at the workshop.UN-ESCAP dispatched a delegation of project management officials of 11 countries to the workshop.
|
||
To welcome the opening of the workshop，the contractor of the project dissemination and extension used the video materials collected in the past years of project implementation and produced a 20minute video program to present the background，contents，progress and achievements of the project，which was burnt to DVD for distribution to participants of the workshop as well as relevant agencies and organizations in China.
|
||
10）Training of primary and middle school teachers
|
||
In order to tap the role of“ecological school campus”，a public goods project，the PMO in 2006 liaised with the Environment Education Project Office of“International Environment and Development College-China Project”，Beijing Environment Development Research Institute and organized respectively in Beijing and Enshi of Hubei training and educational practice activities of pupils and teachers of primary and middle schools.
|
||
Training contents included basic rationale of sustainable development and training of basics about renewable energy，capacity training of awareness，visiting community and production of instructional aids，teaching plan preparation and practice.New educational contents and instructional methods stimulated the enthusiasm and interest of teachers and students，which is a good start for education in renewable energy in rural primary schools in the future.
|
||
11）Training center of renewable energy
|
||
In order to deliver technical training to farmers，with the support of the Cooperation Project，the Renewable Energy Technical Extension Center of Langzhou City of Sichuan Province was officially launched on December 2，2006.The development objective of the training center is to become a regional rural renewable energy technological training center for Sichuan to provide training to rural energy officials and technicians at county level and train human resources for local renewable energy development.The training center has floor space of 1200m2 for office and accommodation，it can host 150 trainees at a time.
|
||
12）Project training and technical workshop
|
||
To meet the needs of the project construction as well as wrap-up and dissemination of project achievements，during project implementation，PMOs organized many technical training sessions and workshops at different levels and dimensions through different approaches to promote project dissemination and extension and sharing of benefits.
|
||
6.Project extension and dissemination
|
||
In order to achieve sustainable development，during the implementation of the Cooperation Project，studies have been carried out about the mechanism of sustainable development of the project.At later stage of project implementation，studies on the mechanism of sustainable development and on the project dissemination and extension strategies are put together at the workshop.Interested readers can read related articles in this collection.
|
||
The implementation of the Cooperation Project has created some successful models that have acknowledged by local government departments and relevant institutions.The environment improvement and energy development and utilization projects in demonstration schools have been named as Ecological School Campus Construction Model for extension in Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province.
|
||
The construction models and experiences of the Cooperation Project have been used and popularized in the project counties，for instance Yongshun County Government of Hunan Province has made available funds for 65 villages to follow the model of the Cooperation Project for new countryside construction.Farmers in Nanbu County of Sichuan Province raised funds by themselves and built 30 chrysanthemum drying facilities.
|
||
We have good reasons to believe that along with time progresses，the rationale and the technical achievements of Cooperation Project will be disseminated in other areas with similar situation including other developing countries.
|
||
Fund Use and Management of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
|
||
1.Principle of fund management
|
||
In line with the requirements that projects should follow relevant financial and accounting regulations and policies to ensure the safety and integrity of assets，reliability of financial information，the project formulated“Financial Management Method of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project”to strictly manage cash，procurement of materials and equipment，original records of assets and materials as well as the progress of project.Beijing PMO opened a foreign currency account to facilitate the integrity and independence of statements.The accounting of the project is independent from that of the China Association of Rural Energy Industry.The Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project adopted independent accounting method using budget item entries of accounting.Since the Ministry of Finance has not issued the setting and accounting settlement for accounting items of grant project，the project followed those used in the T-bond project of the Ministry of Agriculture in setting up entries etc.in the accounting.Meanwhile，the following principles are followed：
|
||
1）The principle of complying with laws and regulations.Strict financial management system is implemented to meet the requirements of laws and regulations of China and the reporting of the Netherlands Embassy.
|
||
2）The principle of project fund balance budgeting principle.It is to ensure that project funds are used for the project.
|
||
3）The principle of management through contract.This is to realize effective management of project funds.
|
||
4）The principle of openness，fairness，equality and for public good.It is to ensure that financial management is transparent and financial information is true and reliable.
|
||
2.Practices
|
||
2.1 Management of financial books
|
||
International project is different from general budget accounting，or accounting of administrative or public service provision units，nor the accounting system of civil non-profit organizations.Based on the stipulations of the People’s Bank of China，one organization can have only one basic bank account，therefore，processing of financial transactions is rather cumbersome.All project funds are independently recorded，when disbursement is made locally it needs to be settled in RMB，while it is EURO to overseas experts and institutions，and all statements submitted to the Netherlands Embassy are in EURO.Only when each transaction is converted to EURO by certain can one makes sure that there is no error in the statements submitted to the Embassy.But the exchange rate varies frequently，we have to timely convert following the changes of foreign currency rates to be reflected in the accounting.In line with foreign currency exchange statement and amounts in the book to provide monthly report on which semi-annual report is developed.
|
||
2.2 Financial management of sub-contracting
|
||
The Cooperation Project management has the central PMO and 11 local PMOs.Sub-contractors of the project include universities，research institutes，rural energy management and service departments and relevant companies that provide products and technologies to the project.
|
||
1）Responsibility system of project sub-contractor.The responsible person（directly charged with the leadership for project）of the project implementer takes the charge of fund management，while the implementer is responsible for project management，financial management and quality management.
|
||
2）Detailed budget line management for demonstration projects.In line the design for the construction of demonstration sites，local PMOs determine the scale and categories of project demonstration sites with detailed budget for approval by the Beijing PMO，and then fund is disbursed against project progress.Local PMOs are responsible for implementation of project activities.Once the construction is completed and gong through acceptance inspection，the technician，construction worker，farmer household and local PMO sign the report of inspection for approval by Beijing PMO to enable the disbursement of the last payment after review.
|
||
3）Fund management for sub-contracted project.During project implementation，project activities are sub-contracted out through contracting，while the sub-contractors will implement the activities.At the same time of signing the contract，the PMO in line with the contents formulated detailed TOR with clear description of project tasks，objectives，activities，progress and budget that are fully acknowledged by the sub-contractor.Financial managers of the project will follow the approved budget by the general project manager to disburse fund according to progress，usually about 30% of is withheld until the acceptance inspection of the project construction.
|
||
4）Financial management for equipment importation.Since CAREI does not have the rights of export and import，the importation of equipment is commissioned by the CAREI to an agent company，and CAREI also identified a guarantee company.A tripartite agreement is signed.The advance payment of 20% of the total value of importation is paid，once the equipment arrived at the port another 50% is paid，the remaining 30% is paid after installation and testing of the equipment is successful and upon receipt of the customs clearance paper and invoices.
|
||
5）Standardized management of bidding.Well-established bidding management of the project bears important significance to ensuring project quality and increasing investment efficiency.The core is that the principles and procedures of bidding must be strictly followed in determining the organization，scope，formulation of bid document，bid opening and evaluation，in order to make sure that financial management objectives of the project will be realized.
|
||
2.3 Strengthening supervision and inspection
|
||
Irregular financial inspection of project implementers（focusing on demonstration site construction implementers）is to rectify problems identified.Looking at the results of inspection of local project implementers，financial management is well done and no violation is found.However，minor problems are found in the use of cash，procurement of material and equipment，some implementers did not strictly implement the contract.Some implementers did not timely settle the account after the construction works are completed and others did not have well maintained records of materials and goods of inventory.Through inspection and analysis，these minor problems are timely corrected and the financial management of project has been improved.
|
||
2.4 Mid-term audit
|
||
In line with the requirements of the Netherlands Embassy，at the mid-term review，sampling audit was done to 4sub-contractors in 3 demonstration counties.The conclusion of the mid-term audit stated that the financial statement of the project complied with the acknowledged stipulations of accounting and relevant regulations of project financial management.
|
||
After the mid-term audit，the PMO recruited experienced registered accountants who delivered training to the financial management staffers at the demonstration sites based on large amount of examples and issues that they should pay close attention in the future.Through training and Q&A，financial managers benefited a lot，which has also helped them resolve problems they encountered in their work in the past.
|
||
3.Experiences and findings
|
||
The Cooperation Project is a grant provided to China by the Netherlands government.In line with the spirits of being responsible to the three parties of the assistance provider，recipient and the beneficiaries，financial management of the project is strictly carried out at highest standards.Reimbursement is timely performed，project funds are timely exchanged and expenditure are rationally controlled，it provided a safety net for the effective，rational and safe use of project funds.In the 5 years of project financial management，I have the following findings to share with readers.
|
||
1）Strengthened budget management is the important basis for ensuring safe and effective operation of project funds.There is no administrative affiliation between the central PMO and local PMOs.CAREI is a civil organization，how to manage the seven local PMOs is indeed not an easy job.In order to well coordinate such relations，the most effective way is to implement project financial management according to the project contract-scientific budgeting，standardized implementation and effective supervision.
|
||
2）Strengthening management over the entire process of financial budget is the best supervision to the project funds.From the perspective of financial management system of international cooperation projects，the functions of financial management staffers should not only be limited to accounting since they will not be able to actively participate in supervision of the project，which to some extent weakened the project financial management，and loopholes might occur in project fund supervision.
|
||
3）Strengthening financial budget expenditure control ensures the orderly operation of the project.In line with the project progress，project funds are disbursed by batches，it can ensure the project be implemented according to plan and it is beneficial to the sub-contractor to exercise macro regulation，ensure the achievements of the overall project plan and the quality of construction.
|
||
4）Open and transparent financial management system can effectively increase project fund use efficiency.Project contract management system with clearly defined objectives and tasks can ensure the proper use of project funds and reduce wastes and erosion of funds.Centralized open bidding for procurement can reduce costs and increase fund use efficiency，it can also prevent corruption in procurement.
|
||
5）Provision of adequate fund for operation can ensure that the objectives of the project be achieved.The Cooperation Project has 11 local PMOs.The central PMO disburses a batch of operation fund to each PMO once half year in accordance with the tasks and work plan，which is mainly used by local PMOs for travel，meetings，training，office and information release，etc.Looking at the implementation of the project，since there is adequate provision of working fund，no violation of financial regulations such as embezzlement，withholding and transfer of funds occurred at local PMOs.
|
||
Quality Supervision in the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
|
||
0.Overview
|
||
During the implementation of the project，external and internal factors will change，which might impose risks to the realization of the planned project objectives.In order to avoid and reduce the technical risks that might affect project implementation，the Cooperation Project has been consistently upholding the principle of“putting quality and prevention first”and the work method of“planning，implementation，checking and correction”during the construction of the demonstration sites to continuously improve the quality control in the process，which effectively ensured the progress and results of project implementation.
|
||
1.Quality supervision and inspection in the process of project implementation
|
||
1.1 Project progress
|
||
The progress of household project on average has completed 45%，while the public goods projects are still at the initial startup stage（figure 1）.
|
||
Figure 1 Activity，quantity and progress checked at sampling sites
|
||
1.2 Quality of project construction（quality assessment for the completed activities）
|
||
Quality assessment for the construction of one biogas digester and five renovations，firewood saving stoves，tobacco drying facilities and domestic sewage purification biogas digester is as the follows：
|
||
In the five project villages，77households of one biogas digester and five renovations were sample checked，the type of biogas digester complies with the requirements of the project and construction on the ground is standardized.Entrances to the animal shed and toilet are separated and the ground is hardened.The overall layout of kitchen，animal sheds and toilets in Hubei，Hunan and Sichuan is rationalized with good construction quality.The renovation of the kitchen achieved good results with rational layout and good convenience in use.The products used are properly installed and complies with biogas pipelining installation standards.Firewood saving stoves work normally with good results.
|
||
Table 1 Progress of public goods projects
|
||
One of the chrysanthemum drying facilities constructed in Sifangzhui of Nanbu County of Sichuan is in trial use，the dried chrysanthemum has better color and fragrance comparing with the old traditional method，and the price is 5 Yuan/kg higher than before.The domestic sewage purification biogas digester of 91.5m2 in Sifangzhui Primary School of Nanbu of Sichuan has been built，however，it has not reached the stage of discharge，the results of purification can not be observed.
|
||
Luopo Village of Enshi of Hubei has constructed 2 tobacco drying facilities，the external works have not completed.The tobacco drying facilities were used once and found that the coal used is lower than the designed in thermal value and the heat produced by the stove can not reach 68℃.The lifted Kang uses gasification stove for thermal energy，but the burning method is not compatible with the Kang，the stove can not supply heat.
|
||
Through on site inspection，the problems that need to be corrected include：the dimension of some biogas digesters does not comply with the requirements of the standards.The internal surface of biogas digester and water pressure chamber is rough.When the technicians test the water and the pressure，they did not follow technical standards.There are many problems of starting the biogas digester and service of guiding users to start the biogas was inadequate.
|
||
1.3 Proposals for correcting quality problems identified in the construction
|
||
1）Improve the design of the tobacco drying facilities and resolve the problem of power failure in summer time；the heat supply stove of the lifted Kangshould be changed.
|
||
2）PMO seriously studied the reports of quality inspection as well as the problems and issues and requested the project sites to adopt corrective measures in speedy manner.
|
||
2.Quality assessment after project construction
|
||
2.1 Households of basic projects
|
||
The team inspected the projects of 152 basic project households in 12 villages of the four project sites，accounting for 20% of the basic project households of the that year.The use rate of one biogas digester and five renovations has reached over 90%.Uncompleted and completed but not yet used including those households went to town for employment accounted for about 10%.
|
||
The quality of the one biogas digester and five renovations of the project household inspected is good，kitchen，courtyard，water supply system renovations have thoroughly changed the sanitation，drinking water quality and cooking habits.Firewood saving stove construction is standardized with good energy conservation effects.The installation of projects is standardized.The use rate of gasification stove is closely related to the demand of the project sites，it is even higher in Gansu and Hubei.The solar water heaters of Dongshan Village of Maiji District of Gansu are the same product of Himin Brand with good quality，water temperature climbs very quickly，some farmers have been used it already.
|
||
2.2 Demonstration projects
|
||
The tobacco drying facilities in Luopoba Village of Enshi of Hubei have gong through technical renovation，6such facilities have reached the energy conservation indicators（1kg of dried tobacco/1kg coal），the quality of the tobacco has been acknowledged by local tobacco enterprise.The construction speed of tobacco drying facilities in Yongshun of Hunan is fast，the sampled 12 tobacco drying facilities achieved success in tobacco drying.Its structure is simple and easy to use.Each 100kg of tobacco consumes 150kg of coal.It is energy conservative and requires less labor，farmers are very happy with it.
|
||
Through the construction of the project，the acreage of tobacco in Dongping Village has expanded from 50mu to 611mu and it has reached 300mu in Mizhai.Energy conservation tobacco drying facilities complies with the requirements of farmers of the project site and increased 600 Yuan of income per farmer in the Dongping Village.The chrysanthemum drying facilities in Sifangzhui Village of Nanbu County of Sichuan have been completed and in use this year，the color and fragrance of the dried chrysanthemum is good and the price has reached 14 Yuan/kg.Since the project conserves energy with good economic benefits.The acreage of chrysanthemum has reached 30mu as promoted by the demonstration village，farmers’ income growth is significant.
|
||
The quality of solar greenhouse construction in Sichuan is good，all of which have been operational，within which farmers have successfully planted grapes and flowers.
|
||
The construction of 2micro hydropower stations in Mizhai of Hubei complies with the requirements of the project and 75households and 43households now have access to power.Of which，the 10 kW unit has a water storage of 200m3 and water head is 40m，one year operation of the unit has generated 5210kW of electricity，the cost of electricity is 0.5Yuan/kW（it is 1.5 Yuan/kWh from the commercial grid）.Farmers now can use power for lighting，TV，electric fan，washing machine and agricultural product process and benefited a lot.
|
||
Caoshi Village of Gansu has completed 9households of solar dwelling type A，11households of type B and 20households of type C.The design of solar dwelling complies with the requirements and 108 people of 27households have moved in.The inspection rate of lifted Kangof project household is 100%.
|
||
2.3 Public goods projects
|
||
Domestic sewage purification biogas digesters in primary schools have been completed and some are in operation while others just started.The quality of solar bathing rooms，toilets，kitchens and drinking water facilities is good with good results，the sanitation，living and learning conditions of the school have been significantly improved.At present，two solar bathing rooms have not been yet in use.The demonstration of the project site in Enshi has promoted the application of renewable energy in the 250schools in the Enshi County，which has demonstrated the effects of the demonstration project.
|
||
The thermal pump heating project is operating normally.The ambient temperature is-3℃to-5℃，the room temperature with thermal pump installed can reach over 10℃ to 14℃.The rainfall collection works in Dongshan Village of Gansu has completed 50% with 52 cisterns established，a total volume of 45m3.
|
||
The solar lamps and photovoltaic clock in the village are in good conditions，which resolved the problem of lighting at night in the villages and improved the public facilities.
|
||
The supervision and inspection provide the PMOs with status of project construction，operation and dissemination as well as recommendations on strengthening guidance to project households after construction is completed，management during the operation，data collection and public awareness building among the beneficiaries of public goods projects，and stressing environment friendly awareness and sustainable development.
|
||
3.Necessity of quality supervision and its contribution to project construction
|
||
After certain period of time of construction and operation of projects，overall supervision and inspection of the project objectives，technical design，acceptance inspection and operation is very important for objective assessment of the economic，social，energy and environment impacts generated by the project.
|
||
Quality supervision during the construction of the project can prevent the deviations of the project objectives caused by internal and external causes，it can help timely adjust or adopt corrective measures to ensure that project implementation would proceed according to the planned objectives.Supervision and evaluation after construction can timely assess the results of project operation and provide scientific basis to relevant decision making departments for dissemination of experiences to other projects so as to improve the management level of the projects.
|
||
The quality supervision and assessment at mid-term and final stage of the project construction carried out by a third party provided reliable and objective technical information to the project management so that quality problems can be timely addressed and corrected.
|
||
Practices have proven that during the project construction quality supervision，inspection and assessment identified 15 quality defects and 3 recommendations for improvement.Problems that involve technological improvements have caught the high attention of experts，who made corresponding adjustments afterwards，and no negative impact is caused to the project.The quality supervision and evaluation during project operation focused the operation of projects as well as the stages that need improvement.The supervision identified 18 defects of operation and 4 technical recommendations.It stressed the improvement，maintenance and management so as to ensure lasting economic and social effects.
|
||
The significant achievements in ecological conservation，rural economic development，farmers’ living standard improvement and rural outlook change of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project can not be separated from quality supervision and inspection.Method of quality control of the project provides experiences to quality supervision and assessment of international cooperation projects，which has good reference value to national projects.
|
||
Comparative Study on Quality Inspection Institution of Rural Renewable Energy in China and Other Countries
|
||
0.Introduction
|
||
With efforts of over 20 years，China has established a rather complete，authoritative and efficient quality inspection network of rural renewable energy that has covered various rural renewable energy products and equipment，and is quite influential in the sector[1].Recently，the author studied not only the quality supervision and inspection centers of products and equipment of biogas，micro hydropower，small wind turbine power generation and firewood and coal saving stoves，but also the well-known quality inspection institutions of renewable energy of biogas，wind turbine power generation and biomass energy.At macro dimension，the author learnt a lot about the contents，management modality and operation mechanism of rural renewable energy production and equipment quality inspection institutions，on which systematic comparative study was implemented.
|
||
1.Overall operation status of quality inspection of overseas institutions
|
||
Rural renewable energy product and equipment quality inspection institution in China follows the guiding principle of“embedding supervision and inspection in serving”and has been actively participating in quality and safety inspection of rural renewable energy product and its development.It also shoulders R&D of testing and inspection technologies and revision of standards，study on the dynamics of rural renewable energy products and equipment，research on testing and inspection method，offers technical training and guidance in quality and safety of rural renewable energy product and equipment，and undertakes services as well as international exchange activities.At present，each quality inspection institution，as the technical guarantee system established in accordance with national laws and authorized by the laws，is developing with increased workload in administrative supervision that complies with market economy and inspection of the behaviors of intermediary organizations.The quality inspection institution provides fair，scientific and authoritative information basis to decision making of rural renewable energy technological supervision administration.It hence plays important role in strengthening administration of the sector，promoting technical progress and improving product quality[2].
|
||
As independent intermediary organization，the overseas renewable energy quality inspection institutions basically have fair legal status and fund support from the government，while management and operation is basically market driven[3].They not only enjoy the quality supervision functions granted by policies，but also can independently undertake R&D and income generation activities.In terms of institutional qualification，technical level and standards adopted，the quality assessment institutions have completely realized mutual acknowledgement in the international arena.With the support of advanced technological equipment and management means，the business activities of the renewable energy quality inspection institutions in Europe provided strong support to macro regulation of the government over renewable energy development.At the same time，it plays important role in promoting quality awareness of enterprises，improving product quality and enhancing international trade of renewable energy.
|
||
2.Comparative study of Chinese and overseas quality inspection institutions
|
||
2.1 Nature and importance of quality inspection institutions
|
||
Quality inspection institutions of rural renewable energy in China is the technical backstopping agency of government’s law enforcement，most of such institutes are affiliated to research and higher education institutes，and organizationally，financially and technologically it is difficult for such institutes to be independent from their sponsors，it is very difficult for them to become independent legal person，hence it is difficult to maintain its third party fairness social status[4].
|
||
The quality inspection agencies of renewable energy in Europe are independent legal person institution with quality supervision functions granted by the government as well as relevant policy support and financial support and talents and resources.In addition to the legal status granted by the state，the agencies can also engage in profit making business，through developing and researching on products and technologies to make profit from the market.They have strong R&D capacity not only for R&D of inspection equipment and software，but also training human resources with the cooperation of educational institutions.However，there are strict provisions about maintaining the fairness in overseas quality inspection institutions.As a third party，the authoritativeness of the quality inspection institution is not built on government administration capacity but on the quality of work.Quality inspection institutes must plunge into the market to strive for existence and development through competition.
|
||
2.2 Funding source of quality inspection institutions
|
||
The quality inspection centers of rural renewable energy product and equipment in China in the past fed on the supervision and inspection tasks given by the governments at various levels.Along with the transformation of government functions and the development of market economy，tasks of administrative directive product inspection are shrinking，which means that the income is declining.Since many quality inspection agencies have no other sustainable income sources，they are therefore facing the challenge of existence and development.
|
||
Quality inspection institutes of renewable energy in Europe usually can get fund support from the government；furthermore，they can also undertake technology R&D，education and technical consultation.For instance，about 1/3 of the fund（about 1million EURO）of the Swiss Solar Water Heater Inspection and Testing Center（SPF）is from the inspection and testing and certification granted by the government，another 1/3 is from S&D projects of the center，about 1/6 is the revenue from education and training activities delivered at the request of others，and the final 1/6 is from the charges levied to consultation services provided to private institutions or companies.
|
||
2.3 Business scope and contents of quality inspection
|
||
At macro dimension，quality inspection institutions in China and other countries shoulder the responsibilities of renewable energy product and equipment quality and safety inspection and testing，however，due to differences in social economic development and resource conditions，the business scope of the institutes in and outside China is very much different.The target of inspection and testing in China are equipment and products of biogas，household biogas in particular，micro hydropower，small wind turbine generator，solar dwelling and solar stove，domestic firewood and coal saving stoves（including stoves and Kang）.Such products and equipment are developed，adopted and popularized in line with the actual situation in China.Therefore，the standards implemented，methods adopted and instruments used for inspecting and testing are unique to China[5].In product testing，the important function of the quality inspection agency of rural renewable energy product and equipment is to see whether the product and equipment meet the relevant standards and safety requirements.In other words，the awareness about quality of the products and the trustworthiness of manufacturers in China are rather low.
|
||
The inspection and testing target of European quality inspection and testing agencies are large scale renewable energy product and equipment of high technical level and intensive fund input.In the inspection，it is mainly to test the performance of the products produced by manufactures and to provide an assessment.
|
||
2.4 Software and hardware of quality inspection institutions
|
||
Since inspection agencies in China suffer from insufficient funding，they are very weak when upgrading inspection and testing equipment.Therefore，the infrastructure facilities are backward，equipment and instruments are outdated and they can not afford to upgrade them.The accuracy and precision of some of the equipment can not even match with those in large and medium size enterprises，as such the authoritativeness of the inspection centers is facing challenge.Meanwhile，the inspection equipment in labs in China is purchased from the market，the capacity for developing software of inspection technology is very weak and the efficiency of inspection is low.The precision of data depends on instruments and technologies that are moving slowly，the development of inspection software is rather backward.
|
||
The inspection and testing lab conditions and advanced experiment equipment in the renewable energy quality inspection agencies in Europe outshine their Chinese counterpart.Furthermore，the European testing centers and labs attached great attention to R&D of testing and experiment platform.Since renewable energy is still at the initial stage of development，there are no available equipment and instrument for some testing and experiments，many of the European labs developed on their own experiment platform.Purchasing some necessary equipment parts to develop their own testing devices is an important means of strengthening the capacity of such agencies.
|
||
2.5 Quality of the practitioners of quality inspection institutions
|
||
There is a big gap in terms of qualification of the practitioners of inspection and testing of rural renewable energy institutions between China and Europe.One of the major causes is that Chinese Laws and Regulations have stipulated the nature and functions of the testing labs，consequently，the business scope of the testing lab is over simplified that resulted in low requirements of the staffers.Furthermore，there is no targeted method to evaluate the practitioners.It is not advisable to assess practitioners solely from profit made or the number of essays published；secondly，due to poor economic benefit，the income level of practitioners is low.As a result，brain drain worsened the already aged quality inspection and testing team.Thirdly，the knowledge structure of the practitioners are outdated，simplified，which could not meet the needs of inspection and testing technologies.
|
||
The European renewable energy quality inspection and testing institutions have highly qualified practitioners who can continuously develop new and high efficiency testing instruments and testing software，at the same time，they can design software for technological products of the same category，therefore，they can maintain their technological edge and authoritativeness in the industry.
|
||
2.6 Awareness of the practitioners
|
||
Due to prolonged impact of the peers and functions，the rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institutions in China usually wait for tasks and funds to be allocated by the upper level.It is rather conservative approach，and they lack the courage and incentives to find market or business，there is not marketing agents or fixed customers[6].
|
||
The management and staffers of the European renewable energy quality inspection and testing institutions have strong awareness about market and service.In the field of quality inspection，using unique technologies，experiment equipment and human resources to establish close ties with the market economy strengthens the authoritativeness of the labs in the industry and in the international arena.
|
||
3.Policy recommendations
|
||
3.1 Reforming management mechanism of quality inspection institutions of China
|
||
Considering the situation of market economic development and the specific nature and functions of the quality inspection institution in China，its reform in management mechanism should not adopt the approach of“one size for all”.It is hence recommended to push forward reforms of the rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institutions through two categories.（1）The quality inspection and testing agencies that provide technical basis for law enforcement should be upgraded to quality inspection and testing agency of the industry to be supported financially by the state for its operation and development，meanwhile the state should authorize such agencies to become social public goods entity with independent legal person status guaranteed.（2）Other quality inspection and testing agencies should find their own ways of living，i.e.basing on their own enterprise and facing the market，they should provide fair inspection consultation services.With the revenue of their own to resolve the problem of existence and development in real terms.
|
||
3.2 Broadening service scope and income source
|
||
Even through policy recommendations have been proposed to reforming the management mechanism of quality inspection institution as the above，it is however sure that such reform can not be achieved overnight.Under the present market economic conditions，since quality is no longer or at least the not solely requirement of the government，the government sponsored supervision，inspection and testing will gradually reduce，it is not sustainable to rely on the funding from the government assigned tasks.Along with the establishment of market economic system，rural renewable quality inspection and testing institution of China will be accepted by more and more fields of economic activities，therefore，on the basis of accomplishing the assignments of the upper level，the quality inspection and testing agencies should actively get into the market，speed up socialized service，participate in competition，broaden service scope，undertake technology R&D and consultation，quality certification consultation，insurance inspection and commodity inspection，so as to stabilize long term income and increase the capacity of blood generation of the institution[7].
|
||
3.3 Strengthening software and hardware construction based on reality
|
||
In addition to actively solicit external funding to purchase advanced inspection and testing instruments and equipment，rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institution in China should also engage in R&D of experiment platforms.Through purchasing some necessary equipment and parts and in line with the actual situation and standard requirements of the client，the institution should develop series of corresponding testing equipment.At the same time，quality inspection and testing agencies should undertake software development for inspection and testing.On the basis of learning and using existing software of other countries（such as SODAR），efforts should be made to develop software with independent IPRs.
|
||
3.4 Strengthening learning and training，improving the quality of practitioners
|
||
Practitioners of rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institution in China should be encouraged to cash in various opportunities to improve capacity.It is recommended that rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institution in China should select its core technical members to study or work in the Swiss Berne photovoltaic and inverter testing labs and the Swiss solar water heater testing center（SPF）as well as other labs of universities or product certification institutions，so that they can master the system of rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institution，as well as its management and operation mechanism and R&D of important instruments and equipment.Another approach is that with the guidance and support of the European institutions，the rural renewable energy quality inspection and testing institution in China undertakes R&D of equipment to be gradually localized in production.
|
||
3.5 Basing on university labs for the development of inspection institution
|
||
Many renewable energy quality inspection and testing institutes of foreign countries are established relying on the labs of universities.Such model has the following advantages：（i）resource sharing，many equipment and instruments of labs can be shared with the testing center，reducing cost；（ii）lab has strong R&D capacity，relying on its human resources，it can strengthen capacity building of the testing center；（iii）staffing is relative stable.On the contrary，since rural renewable energy industry in China is still at the stage of initial development，relying solely on the income of testing centers can hardly produce any economic effects，therefore，it is difficult to recruit or retain talents in the system.Relying on labs of research institutions and universities to establish corresponding rural renewable energy inspection and testing center is an effective way to address the problem.Such model does not require large-scale capital investment，but the state and the society would benefit.
|
||
3.6 Strengthening international cooperation and exchange
|
||
Rural renewable energy development and quality management in China needs to learn the advanced practices of foreign countries so as to promote capacity building of rural renewable energy inspection and testing labs and shorten the time required to meet international standards.Particularly，after China’s accession to WTO，in order to increase the market competitiveness of rural renewable energy products and equipment of China in the international market and reduce stages and costs of trade，we should encourage inspection and testing agencies of China to establish cooperation with their counterparts in Europe so as to promote integration of standard system and testing methods [8][9].Inspection and testing agencies with capacities should also consider establishing contacts with international and overseas certification agencies to become their designated inspection and testing agency.Through efforts of collaboration，they can become influential and authoritative inspection and testing agencies.At the same time，we should encourage mutual recognition of certification results of products and equipment of relevant labs or inspection agencies in China and in Europe.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Li Jingming，Rural Energy Standardization and Technical Supervision，China Rural Energy Yearbook，1997 [Z]，Beijing，China Agriculture Publishing House，1998.18-19
|
||
[2]Qing Kai，Quality Inspection Institutions Marching to the Society [J]，China Technical Supervision，1995/03：10-11
|
||
[3]Yang Wencheng，on the development of quality inspection institution of China，[J].Construction machinery technology and management，1997 June：11-12
|
||
[4]Liu Zhifu，Lu Jin，Position，Role and Development of Quality Inspection Institutions under socialist market economy[J]，practical techniques of technical supervision，1995.05：20-21
|
||
[5]Li Jingming，Sun Yufang，Chen Xiaofu，Zhao Yuejin，Laing Baofen，China’s Rural Renewable Energy Standard System Development[J]，Agricultural Engineering Journal，2005 Vo.21 Issue 11，p164-167
|
||
[6]Na Baokui，Analysis of the Quality Inspection and Testing Institutions [J].Metallurgical standardization and quality，2-3/1996 Vol.6-8
|
||
[7]Dun Baohui，On the existence and development of product quality inspection and testing institutions under new situation [J].Tropical agricultural engineering，1995 February：30-32
|
||
[8]Li Jingming，Rural Renewable Energy and WTO @@@[J]，Rural Energy，2001 June，12-14
|
||
[9]China Technical Supervision Information Association，Overview of Overseas Standardization Institutions [M]，Beijing，China Standardization Publishing House，2000
|
||
5.Achievement Evaluation
|
||
Impact of the Cooperation Project on Indoor Air Quality of Farmer Household
|
||
0.Background
|
||
Domestic energy use in rural areas mainly relies on crop stalk，coal and firewood，of which stalk and firewood account for 55%，followed by coal that accounts for 32% [1].The burning of solid fuel especially biomass and coal produces smoke dust that contains several thousands of chemical matters，of which several hundreds are thought to be chemical matters detrimental to human health and that might increase the risks of diseases [2].These chemicals include CO，SO2 and SP and many other hazardous matters [3，4].In developing countries especially in kitchens with poor ventilation in rural areas，indoor air pollution causes severe impact on human health especially women and children who are exposed the kitchen for a long time.Indoor air pollution caused by cooking in rural household has become one big factor affecting the health of rural population [5].
|
||
The Cooperation Project，through analysis and quantitative analysis of the indoor air quality of the demonstration sites before and after project，has from one side revealed the important contribution of rural renewable development，but also provided reference to the technology selection and application in future rural energy development.
|
||
1.Contents and method
|
||
1.1 Testing of samples
|
||
The inspection and testing was done in two phases.The first one was May-July 2004（prior to the implementation of the Cooperation Project）and the second（after the implementation of the Cooperation Project）May-July 2005 and December 2005 to January 2006 and January 2007.The testing in May-July 2004 and May-July 2005 was carried out in Shuanglongchang of Langzhong，Zaoban of Yilong，Sifangzui of Nanbu，Luopo and Huoshi of Enshi，Dongping and Mizhai of Yongshu，in total there were 150households in 7 villages of 5 counties of 3 provinces（sample farmer households）.In December 2006 to January 2006，testing was done for solar dwelling and A and B kitchens of Caoshi Village of Maiji of Gansu.In January 2007，re-testing was done to solar dwelling.
|
||
In order to expand the sample size and through questionnaires and on-the-spot indoor air quality testing，we not only got the result of indoor air quality of farmer households before and after project，but also analyzed the major reasons that affected the indoor air quality.The contents of questionnaire included fuel，stove type，layout of kitchen and other important household factors.Survey involved 340households.
|
||
1.2 Testing indicators and methods
|
||
The indoor air quality indicators of villages are presented in table 1.All testing followed China National Standards or commonly accepted methods（table 2 and 3）.
|
||
Table 1 Indicators of indoor air quality of project sites
|
||
Table 2 Indoor air quality testing method and standards
|
||
Table 3 Testing instruments and methods
|
||
1.3 Data processing
|
||
The data obtained was keyed in Excel tables and analyzed by SPSS for correlation and paired sample text.
|
||
The objective of questionnaire survey is to combine with the on-site testing of indoor air quality to analyze the major factors affecting the indoor air quality in farmer households.The contents of questionnaire included fuel，stove type，layout of kitchen and other important household factors.In order to maintain consistence of the questionnaire survey，uniform training was provided to the implementers of questionnaire survey before project implementation，Epidata is used for questionnaire data key-in and error correction.
|
||
2.Findings and discussions
|
||
2.1 Results of testing of indoor air quality
|
||
Before project implementation，the average pollution level of CO of sample farmer households was 3 times higher than the allowed level in national standards，78% of the farmer households were above the national standards.The average concentration of SO2 was 4 times higher than the national standard and 66% of farmer hosuehold were above it.The average concentration of PM2.5 was 4 times over the US standards（65μg/m3）and 95% of farmer households were above the level.Paired sample testing was carried to the obtained data，it revealed that the indoor air quality of farmer households of the project site before and after project implementation has significant statistic difference，the hourly average concentration of indoor CO and SO2 reduced by 78% and 99% respectively and PM2.5 reduced by over 46%（table 4）.Most farmer households in Nanbu and Enshi used to have connected pigpen and kitchen，driving NH3 of the pigpen to the kitchen.The Cooperation Project renovated pigpen and reduced NH3 pollution through separating human from livestock.The hourly average concentration of NH3 was reduced about 53%.
|
||
Table 4 Results of testing of indoor pollutant concentration of farmer households before and after project
|
||
Figure 1 Comparison of daily average concentration of indoor air pollutants of farmer households in demonstration site before and after project implementation
|
||
The hourly average concentration of CO and PM2.5 in the indoor air of the solar dwelling and the check（the same direction，size and internal structure）in Caoshi Village of Tianshui was higher than the testing standards.The pollution in the solar dwelling is slightly higher the check.With the same kitchen structure，the indoor air quality of kitchen with traditional stove is poorer than that of new type of firewood saving stove（refer to table 5 and 6）.
|
||
Table 5 Testing results of indoor air quality of farmer households in Caoshi Village in 2006
|
||
The supplementary testing results of the solar dwelling in Gansu（table 6）indicated that the solar dwelling has good effects of warmth keeping，it saves each day on average of 2kg of fuel and the average temperature is about 3 degrees higher than the check.Therefore，the role of solar dwelling in energy conservation and increasing indoor temperature is clear.Even though solar dwelling improves the warmth keeping，since it needs to reduce ventilation to achieve warmth keeping，the pollution of CO and PM2.5 is high，which corresponded to the testing results of 2006.Using the following formula to calculate the indoor air quality improvements of the farmer households is simpler.
|
||
Table 6 Supplementary testing of indoor air quality of farmer households in Caoshi Village in 2007
|
||
The results are more accurate：
|
||
可再生能源服务于农民：中荷合作项目专题论文集：英文
|
||
In the equation：
|
||
IR-Indoor air quality improvement；
|
||
C-pollutant concentration before project；
|
||
C′-pollutant concentration after project；
|
||
n-number of farmer households.
|
||
The concentration of CO was reduced by 74%，change of SO2 pollution is not very significant since coal is not used in Yongshun before and after the project.The improvement of PM2.5 is relatively poor，which is reduced by 44%.However，the pollution of NH3 before and after project reached 57%（refer to figure 2）.One can see here that the implementation of the rural renewable energy has made great contribution to the improvement of indoor air quality of farmer households.
|
||
Figure 2 Indoor air quality improvement ratios after project implementation
|
||
2.2 Factor affecting indoor air quality
|
||
2.2.1 Outdoor atmospheric environment
|
||
The first phase of testing was from May to July 2004 in 3households in each county，so there are 15households in total.We have recorded testing data of indoor CO，SO2 and PM2.5，the sampling size of each pollutant is 15groups（refer to table 7）.The pollution of the three pollutants in and outside kitchen has significant difference（p<0.01），the concentration ratio in and outside（I/O）is 4.05，16.86 and 2.88 respectively，which means that pollutants are from inside.Furthermore，the peak value of pollutants appeared when farmers are cooking，which further demonstrated that the burning of fuel is the major of indoor air pollution.
|
||
Table 7 Pollutant concentration in and outside the household（mg/m3）
|
||
2.2.2 Fuel types
|
||
Prior to project implementation，the daily average concentration of CO in farmer households who used coal was 14.2mg/m3，SO2 was 3.2mg/m3 and PM2.5 was 0.29mg/m3，while it is lower for households who used firewood，CO 5.3mg/m3 and 4.6mg/m3，but the average daily concentration of PM2.5 in households with firewood and stalk as fuel is slightly lower than that of farmers using coal.After the implementation of the project，almost all farmer households in summer use biogas as cooking fuel，the daily average concentration of CO resulted from burning biogas is even lower，which is 2mg/m3，the daily average concentration of SO2 is also lower than national standards.The daily average concentration of PM2.5 in farmer households that use biogas is the lowest（refer to Figure 3）.
|
||
Figure 3 Impact of fuels on indoor air quality
|
||
2.2.3 Stove type
|
||
In order to reflect the achievements of the stove renovation implemented by the Cooperation Project，we used national standards of“domestic firewood stove thermal efficiency testing method（GB 4363） [6] to test the thermal efficiency of the open firewood stove，traditional stove，old-type firewood saving stove and the high efficiency fuel saving stove.Testing data indicated the efficiency of firewood saving stoves has strong negative correlation to the indoor CO concentration（p<0.01）（refer to figure 4）.High efficiency fuel saving stove not only increased thermal efficiency，but also contributed to the improvement of indoor air quality.The feature of traditional stove is that it has large stove door and chamber，high flame，but without comb and ventilation channel or chimney.Such structure not only wastes fuel，but also generates large quantity of hazardous gases detrimental to human health.Firewood saving stoves changed the structure of the stove，lowered the flame，reduced stove door and chamber，added plate to the door and fire stopping ring and recycling channel of smoke.Such reform in structure not only increased thermal efficiency，but also reduced indoor air pollution.
|
||
Figure 4 The correlation of thermal efficiency of firewood stove and CO concentration
|
||
2.2.4 Ventilation
|
||
Figure 5 presents the indoor CO concentration under different ventilation conditions of a sample farmer household in Dongping Village of Yongshun prior to project implementation.Ventilation has great impact on the indoor air quality，the concentration of pollutants can be quickly lowered when the ventilation is good.As shown in figure 5，the total energy use time is 25minutes and the monitoring lasted for 50minutes.When the door is open but window closed，the duration when CO higher the allowed standard was 18minutes；when the both door and window are open，when CO higher the allowed standard was 10minutes，8minutes shorter than when the door is open but window is closed.The peak value of CO concentration declined from 17.3mg/m3 when the door is open but window closed to 13.9mg/m3.Therefore，improving ventilation of kitchen can greatly reduce pollution，it is an effective supplementary way of resolving indoor air pollution of rural areas.
|
||
Figure 5 CO Concentration with different ventilation
|
||
3.Conclusions and recommendations
|
||
3.1 Conclusions
|
||
1）After project implementation，the indoor CO concentration of farmer households has significantly reduced，the average concentration is 6.72mg/m3，which is 78% lower than that before the project，and the improvement rate is 74%.Since farmer households use biogas as domestic fuel，the SO2 pollution was significantly reduced，the average concentration is 99% lower than before the project and the improvement rate is 98%.The Cooperation Project separated pigpen from kitchen，the NH3 pollution of sample farmer households is reduced from 0.19mg/m3 before the project to 0.09mg/m3 after the project，the reduction is 53% and the improvement rate is 57%.The indoor PM2.5 pollution has reduced，the average is reduced to 119.1μg/m3，which is about 46% lower than before the project and the improvement rate is 44%.
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2）Solar dwelling in Gansu has good energy conservation effects，it saves 2kg fuel each day while its temperature is 3 degrees higher than the check.Therefore，the role of solar dwelling in energy conservation and increasing indoor temperature is clear.Even though solar dwelling improves warmth keeping，since it needs to reduce ventilation to achieve warmth keeping，the pollution of CO is high as 18.78mg/m3，higher than the national standard；the concentration of PM2.5 is also high as 147μg/m3，higher than the PM2.5 of other project sites.The supplementary testing in 2007 in Gansu confirmed that above testing results.
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3）Analysis on factors affecting the indoor air quality of rural areas indicated that the indoor pollution source of farmers originated from indoor，mainly from burning of fuel.Coal causes the severest pollution to indoor air quality，followed by biomass fuel as firewood and stalk，while biogas causes the least indoor air pollution，it means that biogas can effectively improve indoor air quality of rural households.The thermal efficiency of improved stove is higher and cause less pollution under the same conditions.Improving ventilation can also reduce indoor air pollution.
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3.2 Problems and recommendations
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1）By using biogas digester，high efficiency firewood saving stoves and solar water，the Cooperation Project improved the domestic energy use model of farmers，which has also improved the indoor air quality.Therefore，it is recommended that localities adopt the experiences of this project and upscale rural renewable energy development to reduce indoor air pollution.
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2）Improvement of ventilation can improve indoor air quality.It is recommended that farmers pay attention to ventilation in kitchen so as to reduce indoor air pollution.
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3）Solar dwelling rural areas of the western region can increase the temperature and is conducive to the improvement of living conditions，but the ventilation is poor and the indoor pollutants can not be cleaned away，so indoor air pollution is severe.It is recommended that ventilation should be enhanced for solar dwellings in order to ensure indoor air quality.
|
||
Note：
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The author would like to acknowledge the support and guidance provided by the Professor Kirk R.Smith of UC Berkley.
|
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暂无标题
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[1]Yan Lizhen，Min Qingwen，Chen Shengkui，domestic energy use in rural China and the development of biomass energy，[M].Beijing，Resource Science，2005，27（1）：8-13
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[2]Smith，K.R.An assessment of program to promote improved household stoves in China.Workshop on Rural Energy，Stove，and Indoor Air Quality.2005.Beijing
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[3]Smith KR.Biofuels，air pollution，and health：a global review.Plenum，New York，1987
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[4]Smith K.R.Fuel combustion，air pollution exposure，and health：the situation in developing countries.Annu Rev Energy Environ 1993a：18：529-566
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[5]Hao Xianrong，Rural Renewable Energy Development in China：“Rural Energy，Stove，Indoor air quality”proceeding of international workshop.Beijing，2005
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[6]“Thermal performance testing method for domestic firewood stove”（GB4363）
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Data Processing and Analysis on the Effects of Demonstration Sites of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project
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0.Background
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In order to assess the social and economic benefits achieved through the implementation of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project，post graduate students of China Agriculture University obtained relevant data for each indicator through field interviews and questionnaire survey，also in association with the experiences and methods of other renewable energy construction projects，the paper evaluates and analyzes the actual achievements in terms of energy，economic and social effects and operation of the Cooperation Project.
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1.Plan of study and method
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Questionnaire design and survey
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In line with the features of project construction，the design of the questionnaire adopted the method of combined subjective valuation and objective data indicators.The structure of questionnaire includes household economic situation，crop and animal farming，energy use，project operation，integrated use，satisfaction of users and the impact of project construction on women.In order to analyze the impact of the project construction on household income，the design includes 21 questions as total income，income sources，major expenditure of the household，loan and loan repayment，as well as the difference of economic structure of project and non-project village before and after project construction.The impact on crop and animal farming include 10 questions as crop types and acreage，type of animal and herd size.Using 6 types of rural commonly used energy and biogas，the energy use is reflected.Project construction，operation，integrated use，satisfaction rate of users and the project’s impact on women etc are judged mainly through subjective valuation.
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The survey data of 2003 prior to project implementation was provided by the PMO and the data for 2006 was collected by the post graduate students of China Agriculture University and local PMOs.In order to ensure the accuracy and consistency of survey data，before the survey started experts offered unified training to the surveyors who went to farmer households and had face to face interviews with farmers through which the questionnaire forms are completed.In addition to interview，surveyors also had field visits through random selection to project households in the village to find out the project operation and problems.
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Analysis and evaluation method
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SPSS descriptive statistical method is used.The original data is sorted out，simplified and summarized and calculated to reveal the trend features and quantitative relations contained in the data.The operational methods include：（i）matrix，categorization，percentage，statistical tables and figures，distribution，（ii）measures of central tendency，i.e.identify representative value of a large number of data to reflect the centralized trend features，and（iii）difference of data to reflect the diffusion trend feature of data.
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2.Result and analysis
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2.1 Change in energy consumption before and after project implementation
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In terms of energy use，there is significant difference before and after project construction.Before project construction，the major energy sources of farmers were crop stalk，firewood and coal，and each year each household would consume 3000kg of crop stalk and firewood.After project construction，the consumption of stalk and firewood was reduced to 1/5-1/3 respectively，the use of coal is also reduced from 657kg in 2003 to 165kg in 2006，a decline of 74.9%，it not only reduced expenditure of farmers on domestic fuel energy，but also mitigated the damage caused in the process of burning traditional fuel（table 2）.The use of LPG and diesel has significantly reduced.Since biogas is high quality energy with far greater burning efficiency than stove，the total energy consumption per household after project construction has been greatly reduced.
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Table 2 Mean value of energy use of different types
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Comparing 2006 with 2003，the big difference in energy use is attributable to the use of biogas.Biogas digester is the important content of the project construction，each demonstration site exception Honghu Lake has biogas digesters and has implemented one biogas digester and three or five renovations.In 2003，the use of biogas in the project village was close to zero，in December 2006 the 12 demonstration villages as a whole and on average each household uses biogas for 307 days，and biogas is used for cooking at least two meals a day.Maiji District of Gansu is located in higher altitude in the northwest of China with severe winters，the use of biogas each year is about 256 days，and it is 270 days on average in Yongshun County in the Wuling mountainous areas.The operation time of biogas digesters at the other 8 demonstration sites is over 300 days，among them Sichuan has lower latitude with warm and wet winter，biogas digesters have good working conditions，as a result，Nanbu and Yilong counties each year can use biogas for 11months，many project households can even use biogas for cooking in the entire year（figure 1）.
|
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Figure 1 Biogas digester operation days in 2006
|
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In addition，through renovating stoves and equipping with new type of biomass stove，the combustion efficiency can also increase from 15% to 35%，this is one of the reasons leading to tremendous amount of reduction of firewood.
|
||
2.2 Economic benefits produced by project construction
|
||
1）Per capita average income of farmers increased significantly
|
||
Comparing farmer household income of the 12 project demonstration villages of 6 counties（difference of income before and after project construction in Honghu Lake area will be discussed separately）in 2003 and 2006 as well as the comparison of project households and non-project households in 2006（figure 2）and the verification of independent sample t，one can see that income of project farmer households has significant increased.From the distribution of total income of each village，the per capita income of demonstration village in 2006 was 4928，it was 3266Yuan in 2003，which presents an increase of 50.9% in 2006 on the basis of 2003 and the annual average increment is 14.7%.According to the data provided by SSB，the average natural growth rate of rural economy in the 4 provinces from 2003 to 2006 was 8%，based on which the per capita average theoretical income in 2006should be 4114Yuan，the actual income of the demonstration village is 19.8% higher than the theoretical value and the annual average growth rate is 6.7 percentage points higher.The per capita average income of non-project village in 2006 was 3683Yuan，while the project villages represent 33.8% higher than non-project villages.Comparison verification between the project demonstration villages and the independent sample t vertically and horizontally revealed that the two-side test rate of the two is P=0.00，therefore，the confidence area of 95%，the difference is significant.The above data testified that project demonstration villages have significant economic growth effects.
|
||
Figure 2 Comparison of income of demo villages before and after project
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||
The per capita average income of Honghu Lake area in 2006 was 7803Yuan，while it was 5608Yuan in 2003 the annual average growth rate is 11.6%.Since Honghu Lake area focused on small wind turbine power generation to provide power to meet domestic basic needs，the impact of the project on the economic development of the two villages in Honghu Lake area will be analyzed separately.
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2）Income structure changed
|
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Along with large number of rural laborers go to urban areas to seek employment，the population residing in rural areas are aging，for this part of farmer households the proportion of income from labor mobility in the total income is very high.Therefore，consideration given to income for labor mobility is an important content for analyzing income.Statistical data indicated that the income of labor mobility of farmers of the demonstration villages in 2006 increased on average 87.6% on the basis of 2003.In addition to market price，the number of laborers and accumulated hours of work have direct impact on the income of laborers.According to statistics in 2006 on average each household has 1.1 persons working in urban areas，while it was 1.0 in 2003.In 2006，the per household labor mobility in 2006 was 10.7months，it was 8.1months in 2003，an increase of 2.6months on average.Therefore，one can see that project construction has brought about significant impact on farmers such as freed rural laborers and reduced their labor time in agricultural production.
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Table 3 Income structure of farmers of demonstration villages before and after project（Yuan）
|
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3）Energy and production cost of farmer households decreased
|
||
After project construction，the per capita average income of farmers increased significantly.In addition to the income generated by integrated renewable energy development，biogas slurry and fluid substituted part of chemical fertilizer and pesticides，which indirectly increased farmers’ income.As demonstrated in table 4，after the project construction，farmers in Langzhong witnessed the highest rate of reduction of expenditure in production.Without considering price factors，the production expenditure in Langzhong in 2006 was reduced by 46.8% comparing with that in 2003 and on average each farmer household saved 662 Yuan of expenditure.Project farmers in Nanbu County reduced production expenditure by 26.2% after the project，which is 347 Yuan of saving to each farm household on average.Production expenditure in Yilong and Yongshun was reduced by 15%.Since crop structure in the two demonstration villages of Enshi and Maiji has changed and the acreage of cash crops increased，the production expenditure in 2006 increased comparing with that in 2003.It increased by 78.9% in 2006 in Enshi and 37.7% in Maiji District.
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Table 4 Production Expenditure of demonstration households before and after project construction（Yuan）
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Since biogas substituted crop stalk and firewood，after the project implementation，the expenditure of farmers at the demonstration sites on domestic fuel has significantly reduced（table 5）.In 2003，per household expenditure for domestic fuel in Nanbu was 1292Yuan for buying coal and natural gas for cooking and heating.In 2006，the expenditure of farmers on domestic energy use was 241 Yuan，a decline of 80.9%.The decline of expenditure on domestic fuel in 2006 in Langzhong was 80.7% comparing with that in 2003.Expenditure in Enshi，Maiji and Yongshun was also reduced by 25.3%，69.1% and 73.9% respectively after the project construction.
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Table 5 Change in energy expenditure of demonstration farmers（Yuan）
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2.3 Social effects produced through project implementation
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1）Life style of farmers is more civilized
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Statistic of questionnaire survey is presented in table 6，from which one can see that 99.6% of the housewives have clearly felt that they spent less time in cooking than before，86.7% of housewives can use the time saved from cooking to work outside to increase income of the household.On average，each household gets additional 994 Yuan of income from working outside by the housewife.As the diet structure is concerned，95.3% of the housewives claimed that the proportion of meats and eggs increased and living standard improved.In addition to increased income and improved diet，project construction also brought about great changes to personal sanitation.Before project construction，on average farmers take a bath in 13 days，once the solar water heater is installed，the frequency of bathing of farmers increased to once in every five days.
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Table 6 Impact of the project on the life style of farmers
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2）Users are highly satisfied
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||
The subjective valuation of the overall satisfaction rate of farmers towards the improvement of living conditions，services after project construction and the changes of the village outlook is based on the sample of 1757households（except Honghu Lake area）.In general farmers in the demonstration sites are satisfied with a satisfaction rate reaching 100%（table 7）.Farmers are happy about the changes taking place in the own living habitat and the village outlook.Farmers responded that services after construction are well provided reached 96.3%，which demonstrated that the project indeed did not neglect follow-up technical service and management.
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Table 7 Satisfaction rate of users
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3）Sanitation and health situation improved
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All rural women remarked that their household sanitation conditions have clearly improved after the project construction（table 8）.As for health of family members is concerned，99.8% of the rural women responded that the health status of their family members has obviously improved.Among the surveyed farmer households，92.0% have never heard or infected by epidemic disease，8% heard or infected by epidemic disease，which is mainly flu，some are contracted with parotiditis.
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Table 8 Impact of project on farmers’ health
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4）Social relations improved
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Most project farmer household stated that their relations with neighbors and village leaders have improved（table 9）.All farmers responded that the project construction and management is fair and reasonable.100% of farmers thought that the relations among farmers are closer.Project construction not only brought about economic and environment benefits，but also promoted harmonious development of rural social relations.
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Table 9 Changes of social relations among villagers after project construction
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2.4 Project operation
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Through studies and surveys about the operation of renewable energy project construction，most of the farmers at the demonstration site are very satisfied with the project construction as shown in table 10.The highest satisfaction rate is granted to wind turbine power generator，solar greenhouse，solar dwelling，drying of agricultural products，small biogas works and rainfall collection，which is 100%；biomass gasification stove has the lowest satisfaction rate of 79.3%，which indicated the technology needs further improvement before its adapted to the project needs.The satisfaction rate of firewood saving stove is 82.6%，its operation also needs improvement.
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Table 10 Evaluation of the project operations
|
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3.Conclusions and recommendations
|
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1）Through integrated development and use of renewable energy and energy conservation technologies，the Cooperation Project improved rural ecological environment，increased farmers’ income，uplifted farmers’ living standards.It not only provids rich experiences to integrated rural renewable energy development to China and to other developing countries，but also bears important significance to the development of modern agriculture in China and the construction of socialist new countryside.
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2）Biogas digesters have substantively improved farmers’ energy use structure，as a result，the use of stalk and firewood reduced by over 50%.Furthermore，along with the popularization of firewood saving stoves，fuel efficiency increased tremendously，which not only saved resources，but also improved the environment.At the later stage of the project，the service system development should be strengthened to provide maintenance and management to the constructed projects to promote the sustainability of the projects.At the same time，the rich crop stalk resources in rural areas should be fully utilized.Efforts should be made to explore the optimal combination of manure with crop stalks for increasing biogas production.
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3）The construction of solar dwelling in Caoshi Village reduced the use of conventional energy by a large proportion，and the living environment of farmers is very clean and tidy.Wind energy for power generation in Honghu Lake areas has resolved the problem of power supply to fisherman，and provided conditions for modern life of locals.The design of the project focused on the advantages of local resources and suitable measures to local conditions to provide guarantee to farmers’ energy use and improvement of living conditions.
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4）The use of biomass stoves should be further improved including the convenience of use.The standardization and commercialization of stoves is not high，which also can lead to poor service and unreliability of sustained use.
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Note：Mr.Chen Xiaofu，Senior Engineer of the PMO of the Co-Project rendered his guidance and support to the survey and studies，the author wishes to acknowledge his contribution.
|
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暂无标题
|
||
[1]Yan Jun，Chen Yuping，Evaluation of the social and economic benefits of biogas system in rural areas of the western region-Sichuan，Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia as an example，Agricultural economic herald，2006（8）：116-120
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[2]Wang Xiuhua，Comprehensive evaluation of rural energy projects in Shizhong County，Energy Conservation Technologies，2005（132）：348-350
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[3]Wang Gehua，Chen Yanbin，Shi Deming，Evaluation of integrated rural energy development and application of grey system method，agricultural engineering journal，1992（3）：60-65
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6.Practice and Exploration
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The Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project in Sichuan
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1.Background
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Sichuan is a big inland province in China with vast areas，large population，rich resources and well regulated water resources；people in Sichuan do not know what hunger is.It is hence called the Heavenly Country.
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In recent years，in line with the strategic objective of building Sichuan as the ecological fence at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River，and following the principle of“adopting suitable measures to local conditions，making multiple energy resources complementary，integrated use and seeking benefits”，rural energy development highlighting biogas has achieved good results.
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In order to broaden the functions of renewable energy，explore renewable energy use and development models for different regions，establish demonstration projects，with the guidance of rural energy development Sichuan implemented the demonstration sites construction in 6 villages in Langzhong，Nanbu and Yilong starting from 2003.Through project implementation，renewable energy is combined with ecological environment and with farmers living and agricultural production.It not only increased income of farmers in the demonstration villages，uplifted the quality of farmers’ life，but also expanded the use of renewable energy and provided successful examples for the use and development of renewable energy.
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2.Objectives and activities of the demonstration site in Sichuan
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Through application of renewable energy technologies as biogas，high efficiency energy conservation stoves and solar water heaters，domestic energy use in rural areas has achieved tidiness，high efficiency and high quality.
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Through five renovations，kitchen，toilet，pigpen and courtyard are clean and standardized.Farmers live in beautiful and healthy environment.
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The ecological homestead construction featuring of pig-biogas-fruit（grain and vegetable）based on the integrated use of biogas slurry and fluid has realized resource use at the multiple levels and value addition of agricultural wastes.
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Renewable energy technologies applied in production assisted farmers increase income.
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Small-scale biogas projects resolved the problem of pollution of manure of livestock and poultry farms，it revealed a clean way of livestock production in rural areas.
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||
The change of energy use structure increased energy use of farmers，protected woodland and reduced pollution to the atmospheric air.
|
||
The improvement of residential conditions liberated rural women and promoted social progress.
|
||
Table 1 Demonstration site construction in Sichuan
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With efforts of two year of project construction，basic project households in Sichuan reached 954，demonstration project households 117 and public goods projects 5.The energy，economic，environment and social benefits are emerging now.
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3.Achievements of the project
|
||
3.1 Improved energy use structure of farmers
|
||
Project construction enabled farmers to have high quality fuel as biogas and clean solar energy and high efficiency stoves，which have fundamentally changed the energy use structure of farmers and their domestic energy use is clean and of high efficiency and high quality.Let’s take Yilong as an example.According to statistics，the consumption of high quality energy of farmers increased from 5% to 60% after project implementation，the consumption of coal dropped from 25% to 5%，and the consumption of low quality fuel as crop stalk and firewood has dropped from 70% to 35%.While the consumed effective energy increased，farmers’ total energy consumption declined by about 70%.
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3.2 Increased farmer’ income
|
||
One biogas digester can produce biogas of 423m3/year，meeting the needs of domestic energy for 10—12months，that is a saving of about 500 Yuan for each farmer household annually.Solar water heater can save cost of bathing of 120 Yuan.Each household would save labor of 20man-days for firewood collection，coal transportation and adding firewood to the stove，another 400 Yuan.Integrated use of biogas reduced the use of pesticides and fertilizers，increased production and quality，farmers gain another 150 Yuan per household.Summing up the above，the total incremental income of farmers is 1170Yuan per household annually.
|
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3.3 Protected rural ecological environment
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One biogas digester in Sichuan can produce over 350m3 of biogas each year，which is equivalent to 250kg CE，600 Yuan of cash and protecting 3mu of wood land.Firewood saving stove can save 100kg of CE，40 Yuan of cash and protecting of 0.4mu of woodland.Sichuan project counties have built 954 biogas digesters and firewood saving stoves with annual biogas production of 334 000m3，each year each household can save 954 TCE and protect 3 243.6 of woodland.If calculated that 1 TCE saved can reduce emission of 200 Yuan，the emission reduction effects of the project site each year is 190 800 Yuan.
|
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3.4 Improved indoor air quality
|
||
Through integrated development and use of rural renewable energy technologies，the Cooperation Project constructed biogas digester and five renovations，which has greatly improved the indoor air quality of farmer households.Biogas substituted firewood and coal，it wiped out the major source of SO2.The living quarter of farmers is separated from toilet and pigpen，the long unhealthy tradition of living together with livestock has been completely removed，which reduced the NH3 content in of the living areas，avoided indoor air pollution of farmer households and lowered the threat of communal diseases，hence farmers’ living quality and health has been greatly improved.
|
||
3.5 Increased employment opportunities of women
|
||
The construction of the Cooperation Project librated rural women from heavy housework，they can get more income while serving the society and their social status further improved.The greenhouse mushroom production base in Kuixing Village of Langzhong achieved intensive farming，there are 43 women working in the greenhouse and each year they can have an income of 7 200 Yuan per person.At the same time，they taught another 100 women to produce mushroom at courtyard and each year each household can get 20 000 Yuan of income.Some farmers in Shuanglongchang Village used the improved living conditions and started the household silk weaving industry，which absorbed 36 women and the per capita annual income is 7 200 Yuan.At present，the two villages have 119 rural women employed locally with annual income of 906 000 Yuan.
|
||
3.6 Broadened the avenue for income growth of farmers
|
||
Small-scale biogas projects，solar greenhouse，integrated use of biogas fertilizer，energy conservation in agricultural production processing provided strong technical support to the development of ecological agriculture，promoted rural industrial structure adjustment and broadened farmers’ income sources.The greenhouse in Baomahe Village of Nanbu County focused on the flower production for urban beautification，its annual revenue is 103 500 Yuan.The livestock farm of the demonstration village of Sifangzhui Village of Nanbu cashed in the advantage of being close to the orchard.With the integrated use of biogas，slurry and fluid，the village built a biogas project with a 100m3 digester and 50mu of orchard fertilized by sprinkler irrigation system，a production chain of pig，biogas and fruit is hence established.The project has greatly improved local livestock production and crop farming conditions.The livestock farm no longer has any problem of pollution，it can get economic benefit from providing biogas slurry and fluid to the orchard.Sifangzhui Village of Nanbu County introduced advanced technologies of chrysanthemum drying，the quality of chrysanthemum is upgraded and the price of the flower increased from 5 Yuan/kg to 16 Yuan/kg，while the consumption of coal for drying a kg of fresh chrysanthemum was reduced from 1.8kg to 1kg，energy conservation is about 45%.This item alone increased the income of the village by 1million Yuan，plus energy saving，the total incremental income is 1.1million Yuan.Yangjiawang Village of Yilong County used greenhouse to produce American grape.In rainy season，the humidity in the greenhouse is reduced and the temperature is increased in winter，plus the application of biogas fertilizer，the quality of product is greatly improved and income growth is over 15%.
|
||
3.7Lead the direction of development
|
||
The popularization of energy conservation technologies in production promoted the development of industries in the demonstration villages.The integrated use of biogas，slurry and fluid not only assisted farmers increase income and reduce cost in production，but also promoted the industrial structure adjustment of the project village，establishing an industrial economic chain that ensured steady economic growth.For instance，Baomahe，through pig-biogas-fruit production model，established 100mu of high quality loquat production chain.Sifangzhui Village，through pig-biogas-chrysanthemum and chrysanthemum drying energy conservation technologies established chrysanthemum industrial chain and 100mu of golden pear orchard based on the model of pig-biogas-fruit.Kuixing Village of Langzhong used the greenhouse for mushroom production，100households are now developing over 100mu of mushroom production base.Shuanglongchang Village used biogas and they saved lots of time to improve the livestock sheds，creating conditions for the development of 275heads of beef cattle.It is now the demonstration village of beef production of the entire city.
|
||
3.8 Benefited more groups
|
||
With the rural public goods facility construction model based on renewable energy，the demonstration villages constructed domestic sewage treatment biogas digester and solar water heater bathing systems for schools and seniors’ home，which enabled the non-project households to benefit from the achievements of the project，at the same time，it uplifted the overall welfare of farmers.The ecological energy system of Kuixing Middle School of Langzhong included solar water heater bathing center，domestic sewage purification biogas digester，energy conservation stove in canteen，solar photovoltaic clock，energy saving lamps，greenhouse and dripping irrigation system.The construction of ecological energy system improved the schooling conditions and increased public service system，which has become the base of delivering education and practices of renewable energy to students and increasing the awareness of students about environment and science development.In 2006，the school arranged three lectures on water pollution and water environment protection，air pollution and air quality analysis and environment and quality of life，which were attended by over 196 persons.The Cooperation Project designed and constructed energy use facilities for the seniors’ home，including a pigpen of 28m2，a biogas digester，and 0.5mu of greenhouse，as well as a bathing system with solar vacuum tuber water heater.The system provides sources of food and income to the seniors’ home and improved the living conditions for the seniors.
|
||
3.9 Developed new financing system
|
||
At the initial stage of project design and through extensive information dissemination and household survey，the project worked out a set of clearly defined project funding sources and subsidy provision principles and the inputs to be provided by farmers，which excluded those with the attitude of wait-and-see and ensured that all participants have the capacity to participate in the project.At the same time，local finance input was also clearly stipulated.On the basis of foreign investment，it built up the three-level financing system of farmer，local finance and international funding，forming a win-win situation of farmer input and project subsidy.Project funds are timely disbursed，ensuring the progress and quality of the project.Adequate working fund is made available，which ensured the smooth operation of the project and the correct use of the project funds.Local government counterpart funding strengthened the construction of infrastructure of project village and promoted the smooth delivery of project activities.Following the project models，counties are raising funds from different channels to undertake infrastructure development to improve the production and living conditions of farmers.The input of project households exceeded the planned.The support of line bureaus as land and resource bureau，agriculture，science and technology and poverty reduction has also surpassed the plan to facilitate the construction of the demonstration sites.
|
||
3.10 Expanded renewable energy technologies
|
||
The implementation of the Cooperation Project has brought about breakthroughs to rural energy development in Sichuan Province in terms of thoughts，technologies and management models.We used the WWF funds and introduced the four-in-one model of the northern part of the country，heating through burning chamber，lifted Kangand high efficiency and low emission biomass stoves in the alpine area of Aba Prefecture，which has yielded very good results，and such technologies are now disseminated among the households in Jiuzhaigou County.While participating in the demonstration activities of comprehensive energy component of the China-EU natural forest management project，the energy office also proposed the three types of rural renewable energy development projects as basic，demonstration and public goods projects，and the basic project included solar pigpen plus biogas digester，solar stove，firewood saving stove，high efficiency stove and solar water heaters.The demonstration project includes the four-in-one biogas ecological model，heating through burning chamber and energy conservation lifted Kang.Public goods project include construction of burning chamber in classrooms to warm up the students.High efficiency stoves are provided to the school to meet the needs of cooking and heating for teachers.Solar water heaters are installed in the school to provide hot water for bathing.Solar stoves are provided to the school for both cooking and boiling water as well as instrument for education.These models have been accepted by the China-EU natural forestry management project office and will be implemented in 6 townships of 3 counties in Sichuan.Ganzi.The technical training center built by the Cooperation Project in Langzhong provided solid foundation for the dissemination of technologies.
|
||
4.Next steps
|
||
Sichuan Province will continue to expand the achievements of the Cooperation Project to increase energy use level in rural areas，enrich rural energy construction and expand the effects of rural energy development.During the 11th five year period，Sichuan will build 2million biogas digesters in rural areas，100 larger scale biogas digester projects for livestock farms，1million m3 of incremental domestic sewage treatment facilities and 100 000m2 of solar energy use facilities.We will make great efforts to accomplish the ecological homestead prosperity projects，heating by stove project，ecological school demonstration project and cleaning up project of rural areas.The service system will be further improved following the principle of specialized service，market operation and real property management style to provide high quality，standardized，high efficiency and safe services to farmers，so as to achieve the comprehensive effects of renewable energy facilities，consolidate the achievements of the project and realize sustained and healthy development of renewable energy in rural areas.
|
||
Inspirations of the Sino-Dutch Cooperation Project-Rural Energy Structure in Hunan Province
|
||
1.Optimized energy structure at the demonstration site of Yongshun County
|
||
In 2003，Mizhai and Dongping villages of Yongshun County were listed as the demonstration villages of the Cooperation Project.In the past 5 years，the two villages built 399 biogas digesters，one medium sized biogas project，400households have completed renovations of kitchen，pigpen，toilet，water supply and bathing，installed 50sets of solar water heaters in total of 100m2，two micro hydropower stations with 16 kW each，popularized 130 energy conservation tobacco drying facilities and 399 biogas rice cookers.
|
||
Through the implementation of the Cooperation Project，the energy structure of Mizhai and Dongping has significantly optimized.There are 514 farmer households in the two villages，prior to the project，the domestic energy use structure of farmer household was very simple，480households depended on firewood for domestic energy accounting for 93.4% of the total households and 34households used electricity accounting 6.6% of the total households.Since the implementation of the Cooperation Project，the energy use structure of the two villages has completely changed.By the end of 2006，399households use biogas as the main source of domestic energy accounting for 77.6% of total farmer household.80 farmer households use electricity accounting for 15.6%，and number of households using firewood decreased to 35 accounting for 6.8%（refer to table 1）.
|
||
Table 1 Change of energy consumption in the project village
|
||
At the same time of optimizing energy use structure in the two villages of Yongshun County，good energy，ecological，economic and social effects are also achieved.Firstly，it saved 862 t of conventional energy as firewood and coal（table 2）.Calculated according to local forest coverage，it is equivalent to the protection of 3800mu of woodland.Secondly，it promoted industrial development and increased farmers’ income（table 3）.Thirdly，it beautified the village and improved the quality of life.The hourly average concentration of CO and SO2 in the indoor air of farmer households in 2006 was reduced by 40% and 90% in 2006 comparing with that in 2003.The average concentration of PM2.5 was reduced by 59% and NH3 was reduced by 57%.
|
||
Table 2 Energy Conservation effect
|
||
Table 3 Economic benefits of the project village
|
||
2.Rural energy use and the potential of renewable energy in rural Hunan
|
||
7.Market Promotion
|
||
Popularization and Application of Household High Efficiency Low Emission Biomass Stove in Rural China
|
||
1.Overview
|
||
1.1 Indoor air quality in rural areas should not be neglected
|
||
Firewood and coal burning directly in the traditional stoves can cause severe smoke pollution to the kitchen of farmer households，which can damage the health the inhabitants.WHO and UNDP issued a joint statement on October 14，2004 that smoke and dust in kitchen has become a big hazard threatening the health of people.The smoke and dust in kitchen is stemmed from direct burning of firewood and coal without chimney or ventilation，hence the hazardous gas in the kitchen can not be removed.Each year there are about 1.6million dead from kitchen smoke，rural women and children the most affected，therefore，indoor air quality in rural areas has become a hot topic.Rural life is closely linked with environment and climate change，the reduction of indoor air pollution is related to the improvement of health and reform of the stoves.The household high efficiency low emission biomass stove can use various types of biomass to substitute coal with high concentration of H and F.
|
||
1.2 Accelerated popularization of household high efficiency low emission biomass stove in rural China
|
||
In recent years，the government has attached great attention to issues related to agriculture，farmers and rural areas.The development and use of biomass energy has been listed in the 11th Five Year Plan，of which biomass briquette fuel and stove have been listed on the agenda.Local governments have issued supportive policies to strengthen extension of household high efficiency low emission biomass stove in rural areas.
|
||
1.3 Attentions should be given to poor quality products
|
||
Biomass is very hot today，consequently，there are large number of poor products appeared in the market，causing waste of resources.Imitation is rampant while the patented products can not receive due protection.The quality of stoves varies too much.The government should attach great attention to these issues and adopt measures to regulate the market.Otherwise，it will affect the healthy development of the stove market and cause losses to users.
|
||
2.Types of household biomass stoves
|
||
2.1 Household biomass gasification stove
|
||
Figure 1 Household biomass stove
|
||
Figure 2 Tar and water flow to the ground
|
||
At early 1990’s，household biomass gasification stove once appeared in the market，which was usually downward sucking gasification stove，fuel was mainly sawdust，tree and branch chips，stalk and cone，the advantage is the one load of fuel can last for a long period of time.But the structure is complicated，including material load，gasification chamber，air blower，pipe，valve and burner，the price was also high.The major problem is the tar，which is difficult to be removed，that was why the stove was not popular.In recent years，some people added on filter water washing device to the stove to allow tar and water be drained，even through the outlook is beautiful，but the tar problem has not be fundamentally addressed.
|
||
The outstanding shortcomings of household biomass gasification stove are：（i）since the gasification stove is directly linked with the burner，the combustible air is not treated by any means，so there is tar penetrating out from the connection pipes and gasification stove，the sanitation condition is very poor and also the pipe and burner are subject to frequent blocking；（ii）since the stove is small，gasification conditions are not easy to control，the components in the combustible air is not stable，and combustible air itself is interrupted，affecting the burning and safety；（iii）new stove and/or stoves that have not been used for a while，it needs some time for ignition to gas production，during which the discharge of pollutants is very high，（iv）discharge of tar and water containing tar，it causes pollution to land and groundwater；（v）during the burning process，the kitchen is full of the smell of stalk that contains large number of hazardous gases，CO in particular，which can cause great damage to the health of farmers living in such conditions.
|
||
Therefore，before the technical problems are effectively addressed，use caution when popularizing biomass gasification stoves.
|
||
2.2 Household biomass semi gasification stove
|
||
Figure 3 Forced burning cooking stove
|
||
Figure 4 Cooking stove with remaining heat use
|
||
Figure 5 Natural ventilation cooking stove
|
||
Household biomass semi gasification stove adopts the principle of burning at different levels，firewood in the stove chamber burns with rational air mixture along with gasification action，which is then called biomass semi gasification stove.Its feature is that it does not produce tar.Stoves with high thermal efficacy and low pollutant discharge are called household high efficiency low emission biomass stoves.Some stoves are suitable to bulky stalk and firewood while others can use briquette biomass fuel.In the drive of new countryside construction，this type of stoves should be the mainstream products.
|
||
1）Quantitative indicators of performance of household high efficiency low emission biomass stoves
|
||
Cooking thermal efficiency≥35%；heading thermal efficiency≥65%；smoke darkness Lingeman<1 degrade and discharge concentration of smoke dust≤60mg/m3 and CO discharge concentration≤0.2%.
|
||
2）Requirements of household biomass gasification stove
|
||
Firstly，it must be close to the life of farmers.It must have stable performance，easily ignition，easy operation，safe and reliable，good adaptation to fuels，reasonable price and life over 3 years.The pre-condition is that its discharge must be within the allowed standards.
|
||
In order to meet the requirements，the stove enterprises should develop products of different grades in line with the purchasing power of users.In line with the different fuels，adaptation to localities should be strengthened so as to meet the needs of users.For instance，enterprises have developed stoves suitable to the Tibetans.Considering different functions，stoves for cooking，cooking plus heating，cooking plus remaining heat use and heating should be developed.
|
||
Figure 6 Cooking heating stove-formed biomass
|
||
Figure 7 Boiler of biomass granule fuel
|
||
Figure 8 Heating stove-biomass stick fuel
|
||
3）Requirements for stove manufacturers
|
||
Enterprises should get into rural areas to carry out market study so as to develop products suitable to the market.The quality of the product must be good with good training provided to farmers so that farmers are willing to use such stoves.As such the enterprise will gradually build up the reputation among farmers and the enterprise can then grow.
|
||
For the stove manufacturers，there are two important points.Firstly，it is the combination of R&D and technology importation.Even though enterprises have invested heavily in the development of gasification stove，however the structure and principles of the stove are still to be clearly understood，causing waste of resources.Secondly，the enterprise should not use the marketing volume to speak but the number of sets used by farmers.If the market volume is big，yet farmers used only half the marketed products，it means there are problems in the product.It not only affected the reputation and cause loss to the enterprise，more importantly，it wastes resources and nobody will trust such enterprise in the future.
|
||
4）Further innovation of household biomass stoves
|
||
Household biomass stoves are close to mature technologies.Good cooking stove should have thermal efficiency of 44.7%.Using 2kg of firewood can evaporate 4.6kg of water.From firing to end of burning，there is no dark smoke，and it is easy to use.However，stoves with those properties are so easy to find in the market.Therefore，R&D should be speeded up.
|
||
Figure 9 Energy saving pan
|
||
R&D of stove should focus on combustion and thermal transmission so that fuel can achieve full combustion in the stove chamber to improve burning efficiency.Therefore，optimization of burning method，the material of the stove chamber and the amount of air inflow should be fully considered.The released thermal energy should be fully utilized，the cooking utensils should have rational design that can fully use the thermal energy and lower the temperature of exhaust.
|
||
Efforts should also be made to reduce the discharge of pollutants.Along with it，the cooking utensils should be reformed as well to increase the area of contact to improve thermal efficiency.The wok in this picture has 25% large contact area than the ordinary ones.
|
||
Finally，the R&D and popularization of stoves must follow the principle of suiting measures to local conditions.In line with the purchasing power，life style and biomass availability of farmers，household high efficiency low emission biomass stoves with reasonable prices，easy operation，good safety and reliability should be developed to serve the new countryside construction and the building of harmonious society.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Ma Longlong，Stalk gasification new tech [J]，China Environment Engineering Science Publishing House，2002.2：34-35
|
||
[2]Kirk.Smith，et al，Evaluation of the improved household stoves in China [J]，international workshop on rural energy，stove and indoor air quality，Beijing，2005.1：11-22
|
||
[3]Hao Fangzhou，Implementation and significance of biomass stoves of the Shell Foundation [J]，Renewable energy，2006：（4）：7-8
|
||
[4]Hao Fangzhou，actively promoting household high efficiency low emission biomass stoves [J]，energy conservation and environment protection，2007：（5）：10
|
||
Popularization and Application of Solar Water Heater in Rural Western Regions
|
||
1.Preface
|
||
Solar water heater is a practical technological product of solar thermal energy use suitable to the vast rural areas of China.It can not only save energy，protect the environment，more importantly it can improve the quality of life of farmers.From 1978 to today，China has been making efforts for over 30 years in R&D of solar water heaters，at present solar water heater has become the only commercialized and marketed product of solar thermal energy use in the country，with ever expanding production and scope of application.According to statistics，by the end of 2006 the production of solar water heater in China had reached 17.5million m2，the application was 90million m2，China has become the largest producer and user in the world.With the guidance of the new renewable energy law and new countryside construction，popularization and application of solar water heater in rural China in the coming years will continue to expand.However，the poorer western regions of China lack adequate study on suitable solar water heater system，there is a big different in the application of solar water heater in rural areas between the eastern and western regions.Theoretically，the solar resource in the western region of China is richer than the eastern region，plus the harsh ecological environment，solar water heater should have a very strong role to play in the west.How to change the situation and turn theory to reality is an imperative task for the renewable energy use community.
|
||
2.Solar water heater for improving the quality of life of farmers
|
||
（1）Hot water bathing is an important symbol of better-off living standard.
|
||
Along with the rapid economic development in China and higher needs for better life quality，water heater in particular solar water heater has witnessed rapid expansion in rural areas.But in some rural areas，especially in the western region，rural households usually do not have bathing facilities and there is no public bathing around.Installation of household water heater has become a necessity for improving the quality of life of farmers.
|
||
（2）Solar water heater is the first choice of water heaters in rural areas of the western region.
|
||
The available water heaters in China are electric，gas and solar water heaters.Since China is a big consumer of energy，the per capita availability of conventional energy is low.The 21st century faces the double pressures of sustained economic development，energy conservation and environment protection.Using renewable energy to resolve the issues of household water heating complies with the development strategy of building resource conservation and environment friendly society.Therefore，it is the correct choice to popularize solar water heater in the less developed western rural areas with scarcity of conventional energy，which also has practical and far reaching significance.
|
||
（3）Comparison of the three types of household water heaters.
|
||
Comparison includes safety，reliability，convenience in use，energy conservation and environment protection，economics and use life，which are summarized in the following table.
|
||
Table 1 Performance comparison of the three types of household water heaters
|
||
Apparently，solar water heater has more competitiveness in terms of energy conservation，environment friendliness，economics，safety and reliability.
|
||
3.Selection of solar water heater products for rural western regions
|
||
Comparing with the eastern coastal regions，the social and economic development of the western regions lags behind.Therefore，when popularizing solar water heater in western rural areas，we must consider the living standards and economic capacity of farmers，and product quality and convenience in selecting solar water heaters.The approaches used in selecting solar water heater for the Cooperation Project are：
|
||
（1）Study on locally available solar energy resources and farmers’ living standards is carried out first of all，based on which the type of solar water heater to be used is designed.In line with the project plan，the Cooperation Project decided to undertake demonstrations in 14 villages of 7 counties as Maiji of Tianshui，Langzhong，Yilong and Nanbu，Enshi，Honghu and Yongshun，and popularization of solar water heater is one of the major technical works of the sites.
|
||
Studies indicated that farmers in Maiji have the lowest income among the 7 counties，it is the highest in the demonstration village in Sichuan，the rest sites are normal.Maiji has the richest solar resources，while Sichuan is the poorest.The product for Gansu must be able to survive frozen winter，other villages do not have such demand.In line with the features of solar water heaters in the China，it is proposed to use the close circuit water heater and all glass vacuum tube water heater as the mainstream product for the project.
|
||
Even though farmers in Maiji have rather low income，but they need hot water all year round and the water heater needs to survive frozen winter，the project designed all glass vacuum tube solar water heater with supplementary heating.The income level of farmers in the Sichuan sites is high，some of them have already installed biogas water heater，the project designed all glass vacuum tube solar water heater and closed circuit solar water heater for different farmer households.For the demonstration villages in Hubei and Hunan，since the households are dispersed in the mountains or on lake，it is decided not to install solar water heater at household level，but all glass vacuum tube solar water heater is designed for the demonstration school and senior’s home.
|
||
（2）Provision of information on solar water heater to farmers：prior to the implementation of the Cooperation Project，there was limited knowledge in the 14 demonstration villages about solar water heater，even it has been widely used in many areas in the country，it is indeed a new thing to the farmers in the 14 villages.Therefore，information dissemination becomes the primary work of popularization of solar water heater.We first of all targeted at the younger farmers with better education and took them with us to the field studies to user of solar water heater and visited solar water heater.Once they became interested，we provided basic knowledge about the use and maintenance of solar water heater，and distributed free pamphlets to lay solid foundation for the popularization of solar water heater among farmer households.
|
||
（3）Formulation of favorable policies is conducive to voluntary purchase and popularization of solar water heater.The popularization and application of renewable products can not be done without the support of the state.If solar water heater is to be popularized in western rural areas in large scale，government policy support is essential.The Cooperation Project in the first place formulated favorable policies for popularization of solar water heater.Households that voluntarily buy solar water heater，the project will provide 30% to 50% of subsidy；the subsidy becomes a 100% to the poor households that depend on state provision for basics；for schools and senior’s home，the subsidy is 100%.The formulation and implementation of favorable policies promoted the smooth implementation of the Cooperation Project.
|
||
For instance，villagers in Gansu and Sichuan with the support of the project purchased 965sets of solar water heaters of different types，accounting for 90% of the total number of farmer households.Schools and senior’s home in the demonstration villages have all installed solar water heaters.The success of the project also triggered the support of the local government.For instance，Enshi government of Hubei has made available funds to 39 primary and middle schools for ecological school campus construction following the model established by the Cooperation Project in the demonstration villages.The ministries education，finance and agriculture have attached great attention to the achievements.
|
||
（4）Selecting the products with best performance/price ratio
|
||
—Firstly，the solar water heaters must comply with the national technical standards，check carefully whether the product has the testing and certification report issued by the state quality inspection and testing center of solar water heaters.
|
||
—Projects that have national certificates of well-known brand names and/or inspection-free products.
|
||
—In line with the reputation of products，the strength of enterprise and after sale services，five manufacturers are selected to supply the products.
|
||
—Bidding documents are developed and distributed for open biding.The contract winners signed agreement with the PMOs for supply，installation and after sales service of solar water heaters.
|
||
Through the process of open bidding，finally Himin all glass vacuum tube solar water heater with an area of 1.8m2 each was selected，which is one of the top products in China；the Guangyuan brand close circuit solar water heater with an area of 1.1m2 is selected，which is also a certified product by the national authorities.
|
||
4.Installation and application of solar water heaters in the project demonstration villages
|
||
The manufacturers of solar water heaters are responsible for installation，trial operation and after-sale service.Agreement of turn-key project is signed with farmers since they do not have much technical capacity.Project started in early July 2005 and completed in October.It has good performance and is well received by farmers.We should point out in particular that Nanchong of Sichuan province has limited solar energy，hence it is claimed that solar water heater is not suitable，however，the experiments and trails in the demonstration villages in Langzhong has proven that solar water heater is suitable to local areas.Farmers witnessed and felt the benefits of solar water heater with their own eyes and hands.More and more farmers want to have solar water heaters，the total number increased from 31sets as the planned to 273.Table 2 provides the temperature of hot water of the two sets of close circuit solar water heaters in Tang Dengqiang and Tang Denggui’s home in Langzhong of Sichuan.
|
||
Table 2 Record of water temperature in summer of the closed circuit solar water heater
|
||
All glass vacuum tube solar water heater can be used all year round，it resolved the problem of bathing of farmers.Figure 1 and 2 demonstrate the all glass vacuum tube solar water heater and close circuit solar water heater installed in the demonstration villages in Gansu and Sichuan.
|
||
Figure 1 Solar water heater in Maiji
|
||
Figure 2 Close circuit solar water heater of 1.1m2
|
||
5.Analysis of the effects of solar water heater
|
||
（1）Vacuum tube solar water heater can be used year round.One set can provide enough hot water to 3-6 persons.It resolved the problem of bathing of farmers，which troubled farmers for centuries.Close circuit solar water heater has lower price，it can provide hot water from April to October even in Sichuan with less solar resources.Solar water heater is the most realistic product for improving the quality of life of farmers，it has great social effects.
|
||
（2）It saved energy，especially in resource scarce western regions.Each set of vacuum tube solar water heater can save 200kg of coal，close circuit solar water heater can save 110kg of coal each year.
|
||
（3）It protected the environment and forest.It is clean without any pollution.
|
||
（4）Using solar water heater in seniors’ home contributes to social harmony.
|
||
（5）Using solar water heater in schools provides an education platform of renewable energy to children；it is conducive to the healthy development of children.
|
||
6.Conclusions
|
||
（1）Solar water heater is the choice for improving life quality and health of farmers in rural areas of the western regions，and is an indispensable technology to be popularized in the drive of new countryside construction；
|
||
（2）In order for solar water heaters to bring genuine benefits to farmers，the manufacturers and products must be carefully scrutinized so that they conform to the conditions of the western rural areas and have good quality，after-sales service and reasonable price；
|
||
（3）The Cooperation Project has demonstrated that solar water heater not only can work effectively in resource rich areas，but also in resource poor areas like Sichuan Province，setting up a good example for popularization of solar water heaters in more extensive areas in the future.
|
||
（4）The construction model of the Cooperation Project has achieved success and caught the high attention of leaders at all levels，especially the construction model of ecological school campus including the solar water heating system.
|
||
（5）The Cooperation Project applied differentiated favorable policies in solar water heater use for different farmer household groups，social welfare entities and primary schools，which can serve as good reference to local governments at various levels for formulating policies for popularization of solar water heaters.
|
||
Biogas and Its Integrated Use in the Demonstration Village in Northern Sichuan
|
||
1.Introduction
|
||
Nanbu，Yilong and Langzhong in the low hilly areas of northern Sichuan have biogas and biomass energy resources.Farmers have the tradition of raising pigs.In addition to grain crops，farmers also plant vegetables and other cash crops.These counties are selected as the project counties of the Cooperation Project.
|
||
Prior to the project，there were limited numbers of biogas digesters while coal，crop stalk and firewood were the mainstream of fuel.For the new project，biogas development is the focal activity of the 6 demonstration villages.Rapid growth in energy consumption and low efficiency of energy use facilities，over exploitation of firewood and crop stalk as domestic energy source damaged the vegetation，caused soil erosion and reduced organic matter content in soil.Consequently，the ecological environment can not be effectively improved，which hindered the development of rural economy and the improvement of living standard of farmers.
|
||
2.Construction and use of biogas facilities
|
||
2.1 Biogas digester for domestic sewage treatment improved the sanitation of rural primary and middle schools
|
||
The 6 demonstration villages in the 3 counties have 3 primary schools and 1middle school.The toilets of the four schools are transformed to water flush type.Biogas digesters are built for each toilet，with volume ranging from 50 to 100m3 for treating the night soil of students and teachers.
|
||
Prior to the project，the night soil in the toilet was not treated，an unpleasant odor pervaded the school campus，affecting the health of students and teachers.After the biogas digester is constructed，water flush toilet is used，which completely changed the environment of the school.The treated night soil can meet the local discharge standards of Sichuan Province.
|
||
2.2 Small biogas projects integrated with agricultural production
|
||
In the 6 demonstration villages in the three counties，8small biogas projects are built with volume ranging from 30 to 100m3.
|
||
When the small biogas projects were planned and designed，the integration of biogas digesters with agricultural structure adjustment in the demonstration villages has been fully considered in order to boost the production of agriculture and the growth of farmers’ income.
|
||
Kuixing and Shuanglongchang villages of Langzhong have 27.7mu of solar greenhouse and ordinary greenhouse of 14.5mu.Kuixing Village has 13solar greenhouse（10mu）that use the biogas sludge and fluid for mushroom production.The sludge of biogas digester is mixed with crop stalk for the production of mushroom media，which increased mushroom production over 100% and the quality is also improved.The annual production value is over 1.14million Yuan.The use of biogas slurry provided fertilizer to mushroom production，lowered the cost and increased efficiency，hence resources are rationally cycled，a production chain of sustainable development is established.
|
||
Sifangzhui Village of Nanbu County has a pig farm that has a 100m3 biogas digester project.In addition to providing biogas to the farm，it wiped out pollution to the environment.The farm is closely linked with the orchard of golden pear.Biogas slurry is used as the base manure of the orchard，while the fluid is used together with the sprinkler irrigation system as fertilizer and pesticide，hence a pig-biogas-fruit production chain is established with very good economic benefits.In 2006，Sichuan suffered the severe draught，the fruit production of the village dropped by 41%，but the orchard irrigated by biogas fertilizer lost only 28% of its production.
|
||
The seniors’ home in Baomahe Village has a pig farm with a biogas digester built，which is linked with the 1.7mu of solar greenhouse as well as the vegetable field surrounding it.The biogas digester provided fertilizer to the flowers in the greenhouse with an income of 103 500 Yuan and the income from the open vegetable field increased by over 50%.
|
||
Yangjiawan Fuxinghebian pig farm of Yilong County has a biogas project of 30m3 and several 8m3 small ones.It has over 60mu of farmland associated with biogas facilities，the two parts are designed into an ecological agricultural park.The biogas project provides fertilizer to the 30mu of America grape，cactus，vegetable and wheat，yields of all crops increased and the most significant one is the greenhouse grape with an incremental income of 2600Yuan/mu and the cactus generated an income of 40000Yuan per mu.Soil fertility increased and the pollution of the pig farm is controlled.
|
||
Zaoban Village has a pear orchard over 100mu linked with the 100m3 biogas digester that provides fertilizer to the orchard.Biogas slurry is used as base fertilizer，fluid is used as leaf fertilizer and pesticide for insect control.With the use of biogas slurry as fertilizer for 2 years，the income of pear orchard increased to over 1 000 Yuan and the total income of the pear orchard of 100mu is over 100 000 Yuan.
|
||
In short，the close link between small biogas projects and agricultural production not only controlled the pollution of pig farms，but also promoted rural economic development and farmers’ income growth.
|
||
3.Benefits of household biogas digester
|
||
Integrated use means that the manure and night soil are used to produce biogas through fermentation，while the residue of biogas production is used for fertilizer，feed，raw materials and additives.
|
||
There are 954households in the 6 demonstration villages，947 digesters with 8m3 each is built（another 7households have 30m3 digesters）.In accordance with statistics of Langzhong，over 60% of the demonstration households in Langzhong，over 99% in Nanbu County and 98% in Yilong County carried out activities of integrated use of biogas.
|
||
All demonstration households in Nanbu and Yilong use biogas fluid to soak seeds，which can increase crop yield by 6%-11%.
|
||
The use of biogas slurry as base fertilizer of grain，vegetable and fruit production，and biogas fluid can be used as leaf fertilizer，which can increase crop production over 16%，sweet potato increased by over 50%.Biogas fluid used as pesticide for spraying can reduce expenditure on pesticides.
|
||
The use of biogas fertilizer effectively increased the resistance to drought.In 2006，Sichuan suffered severe drought，crop used biogas fertilizer suffered 40% less loss.Fruit trees did not die at all.
|
||
Fruit trees used biogas fertilizer have high budding and flowering rates，high quality of fruits and better market.
|
||
The practice in the demonstration sites have established the models of pig-biogas-fruit，pig-biogas-vegetable and pig-biogas-grain production，which played important role to sustainable development and increasing farmers’ income.
|
||
4.Conclusions
|
||
1）Adopting suitable measures to local conditions and following the national standards to build high standard biogas digesters is the basis of rural energy development in Sichuan Province，which is one of the contents of new countryside construction.
|
||
2）The domestic energy use model of biogas digester，firewood efficiency stove and solar water heater with biogas as the link is the ideal domestic energy use model for northern Sichuan for a period of time.It effectively increased farmers’ energy use，improved farmers’ life quality and promoted rural economic development.
|
||
3）The model of biogas digester，firewood efficiency stove and solar water heater with biogas as the link has important impact on the improvement of indoor air quality of rural areas.
|
||
4）Small biogas projects must be linked with agricultural production and agricultural structure adjustment in order to serve rural economic development and farmer’s income growth.
|
||
5）Domestic sewage treatment facilities in rural areas are the inevitable choice for improving the environment of schools.
|
||
6）Integrated use of biogas is the only way to achieve the comprehensive effects of biogas.
|
||
In addition to providing energy，biogas digester to some extent has more role to play in the integrated use of its by-products to serve farmers’ income growth and rural economic development.In turn，it will urge farmers to take care of the biogas digesters.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]PMO，project inception report，Beijing December 2003
|
||
[2]Xiao Junhua，Dong Renjie，Chen Xiaofu，Analysis on the impact of renewable energy on the improvement of indoor air quality of rural areas，New Countryside and Renewable Energy，proceedings of international workshop，Beijing，2007.3.12
|
||
Application of Energy Conservation Tobacco Curing Technologies in Wuling Mountain Areas
|
||
1.Preface
|
||
The site of the Cooperation Project in Enshi of Hubei and Yongshun of Hunan is located in the central western part of Mt.Wuling with fragile ecological environment，simplified agricultural structure and difficulties in farmers’ income growth.In order to boost farmers’ income，reduce poverty，promote the development of western region and realize the objectives of better-off society，the Cooperation Project participated in local agricultural adjustment to broaden the income sources of farmers.Under the leadership of the central PMO，Yongshun and Enshi PMOs actively participated in the implementation of the agricultural production structure adjustment of the two counties.In line with the requirements of farmers，the project of energy conservation tobacco curing was reestablished to extend energy conservation technologies in agro-produce processing.Since 2005，the two counties have popularized 153 tobacco curing facilities，of which，130 are in Yongshun and 23 are in Enshi.These facilities have achieved significant effects in lowering energy consumption and increasing farmers’ income，which has become the new growth point of farmer’s of the project site.
|
||
2.Agricultural structure adjustment and energy conservation of tobacco curing facilities
|
||
Figure 1 Tobacco field in Xiayunba Village
|
||
In 2005，Yongshun project speeded up agricultural structure adjustment in the two demonstration villages of Dongping and Mizhai，focusing on the production of tobacco，while each planted 620mu and 380mu of tobacco respectively.The tobacco administration and the Cooperation Project supported farmers who established 130 tobacco curing facilities.When farmers constructed the facilities，the county tobacco administration provided 800 Yuan of subsidies to farmers，township government provided 200 Yuan，the Cooperation Project provided 600 Yuan and farmers paid 1000Yuan for the facilities，of which，the Cooperation Project provided a total amount of 78000Yuan of subsidies to the energy conservation tobacco curing facilities.
|
||
In 2006，the incremental tobacco acreage in Yongshun was 153mu，totaling 1153mu.In 2006，Xiayunba Village of Enshi planted 300mu of tobacco and the project supported 23 curing facilities.
|
||
3.Technical key points of energy conservation tobacco curing facilities
|
||
The energy conservation tobacco curing facilities in Yongshun are the downward airflow type recommended by the tobacco administration.Its airflow circulation and smoke exhaust have rather fixed pattern.In the loading chamber，the airflow moves downwards，and part of the hot air can have internal circulation.But the shortcoming is that the difference of temperature and humidity inside and outside the loading chamber is big and the humidity removal is not good.
|
||
The construction of the curing house is done by professional constructors organized by the county tobacco administration.The PMO of Yongshun participated in the construction of curing house，planting of tobacco and technical training.
|
||
Figure 2 Tobacco drying house in Yongshun
|
||
Figure 3 Inner smoke tunnel of the drying house in Yongshun
|
||
Figure 4 Outerface of the drying house in Enshi
|
||
The curing house in Enshi of Hubei is based on the existing primitive tobacco curing house.Its advantage is that it has good effects of humidity removal.The flue heat exchanger is ceramics with low cost.The shortcoming is inconvenience in loading and unloading，the connection of the ceramics is not tight，leak of smoke will affect the quality of the tobacco.Enshi PMO attaches great attention to the technological transformation of curing house and took the technicians to Yongshun of Hunan to observe and learn.After repeated consultation with project experts，it is finally decided to use the lying curing house based in indict heating with convenience in loading leaf and good performance of warmth keeping.However，the cost is high and it is not good for upscaling.Then the lying type is changed to vertical.The ceramic tubes are changed to plate，lowering the cost.However the air inflow of the curing house is small，the exit of humidity is small，humidity removal is inadequate when there is large amount of humidity.The central PMO sent Professor Zhang Bailiang，specialist in energy conservation in agricultural product processing，to provide on site guidance.Professor Zhang had good discussions with the PMO technicians and project experts and then decided to improve the implementation plan.Before the end May 2006，all the primary curing houses had been transformed according to the new plan，which has achieved good effects in lowering energy consumption and increasing economic benefits.
|
||
4.Tobacco curing facilities achieving good effects in lowering energy consumption and increasing economic benefits
|
||
4.1 Good energy conservation effects
|
||
The tobacco curing facilities in Dongping and Mizhai villages are the downward airflow type energy conservation house.The survey in the two villages indicated that usually 2kg of coal is needed to cure 1kg of tobacco，the energy conservation is about 30%.Some farmer households have achieved more saving，only 1.5kg of coal is needed，the energy conservation is over 50%.
|
||
The energy conservation of tobacco curing facilities also achieved good effects and tobacco curing facilities have produced dried leaves of same quantity.The dried leaf production rate is higher in the new facilities.
|
||
Table 1 Tobacco growers in Dongping Village
|
||
Table 2 Tobacco growers in Mizhai
|
||
Table 3 Dry tobacco production rate
|
||
4.2 Income growth point-planting tobacco and popularization of energy conservation curing facilities
|
||
When implementing the Cooperation Project，Yongshun County PMO participated in the agricultural structure adjustment of the demonstration villages and extended energy conservation technologies in curing facilities，which has achieved good results.Among the income of the farmers in Dongping and Mizhai，the contribution of cash crops in 2003 was 20%，it went up to 30% in 2005，which is mainly from tobacco.In 2005，the production value of tobacco in Dongping was 690 000 Yuan，the incremental was 400-500 Yuan/mu，while growers increased income by 2 000-4 000 Yuan.The income of the village increased from 3.2million in 2004 to 4.5million in 2005，and the per capita net annual income increased from 2 400 Yuan in 2004 to 3 150 Yuan in 2005 and further to 3 500 in 2006.The production value of tobacco in Mizhai in 2005 was 380 000 Yuan，per mu incremental is 300 to 400 Yuan，the incremental income per grower household is 1 000 to 2 500 Yuan；the income of the village in 2004 was 1.5million，it went up to 2.1million in 2005.The per capita average net cash income increased from 1 100 Yuan in 2004 to 2 100 Yuan in 2005 and to 2 800 Yuan in 2006.
|
||
Similar results have been achieved in Enshi.According to survey，the benefit of one house-load is 783.75 Yuan，which is an incremental of 125.42 Yuan.
|
||
In the demonstration villages of Yongshun and Enshi，the popularization of energy conservation in tobacco curing facilities in association with agricultural structure adjustment assisted by the Cooperation Project has become important growth point of income of farmers，which is also a convincing example for project up-scaling.
|
||
5.Discussion
|
||
5.1 Experiences
|
||
5.1.1 Project is close linked with local economic development
|
||
Optimizing rural production energy structure and uplifting the technical level of agricultural product processing is an important content of agricultural S&T revolution and the technical measure for ecological agriculture and sustainable agricultural development.Popularization of energy conservation technologies in tobacco curing is an application of energy technologies in agricultural technological revolution and the feature of the Cooperation Project in maintaining close ties with local agricultural production.The adjustment in Yongshu and Enshi is a convincing example.Yongshun and Enshi PMOs，with the support of the central PMO and in line with local resource conditions and agricultural structure，timely adjusted project activities，which have achieved good energy，economic and social benefits.It has provided mature technical models for the project dissemination，agricultural structure adjustment，energy conservation in agricultural production and farmers’ increase.
|
||
5.1.2 Energy conservation technologies with good results and convenience in use
|
||
When selecting the energy conservation tobacco curing facilities，Yongshun PMO decided to use the model recognized by the county tobacco administration with proven benefits of energy conservation that are being extensively popularized in the county instead of making repeated efforts in finding a model.Once the project was decided，all the construction was done quickly and good effects were achieved in the same year.
|
||
5.2 Problems and recommendations
|
||
5.2.1 Strengthening technical training
|
||
In the project village of Yongshun of Hunan，since most farmers are yet to be able to skillfully use energy conservation technologies，the benefits of energy conservation needs further improvement.It is recommended that technical training for farmers be strengthened.Prior to the tobacco curing season，training should be provided.During the season of tobacco curing，the county energy office and tobacco administration should fully cooperate and organize technicians to offer on-site technical guidance to farmers.
|
||
5.2.2 Correctly handling the relationship between energy conservation and convenience in use and cost
|
||
In Enshi of Hubei，the relationship between energy conservation and convenience in operation，energy conservation and the cost of tobacco curing facilities should be handled properly.When Professor Zhang Bailiang visited the tobacco curing facilities of Enshi on February 10，2006，he pointed out that energy conservation and techniques should be scientifically handled.If pursuing lowered energy consumption，techniques will be very much complicated.Energy conservation is one aspect，but the technology should not be too complicated and farmers must be happy to live with those techniques.The cost，practicality of techniques，energy conservation and economic benefits should be fully considered.Even the successful facilities also have rooms for improvements so as to achieve better results.
|
||
暂无标题
|
||
[1]Rural Energy Development Project Leading Group Office，Rural Energy Practical Techniques，Beijing，Beijing S&T Publishing House，1993
|
||
[2]Zheng Qishou，Chen Jie，Integrated use of biomass resources to speed up ecological agricultural development，strategy and measures of new agricultural S&T revolution，Beijing，China Agricultural S&T Publishing House，1998
|
||
Micro Hydropower Station in Mizhai Village of Yongshun County
|
||
1.Background of micro hydropower station in Mizhai village
|
||
Mizhai Village of Yongshun County is 56 km away from the county site.It is a poverty-stricken village in high mountains and a selected demonstration village by the Cooperation Project.
|
||
Niulanpo natural village of Mizhai Village is located at the south of the administrative village.One phase power was connected to the natural village using villagers’ own funds，since the transmission line was built at sub-standard，plus the village is far from the transformer，the voltage was usually at 160 V and villagers could not be able to use power properly.
|
||
The two villages are connected by an irrigation channel with a flow rate of 0.11m3/s.The headwater is 2 km away from the village in the upper reaches of a river，water is available even in dry season.The river flows below the village and there is a head of 40meters，very good natural condition for micro hydropower station.
|
||
The demonstration project in Mizhai village includes Banqiao and Shuitu micro hydropower stations.The distance between the dam and station is 1.52 km.Since the irrigation ditch is used，the construction of the two stations involved pressure tank（with overflow escape），pressure pipeline and slope，house of the generator，tail water works，metal structure installation，electric and mechanical equipment and transmission works.
|
||
2.Features of the micro hydropower station
|
||
2.1 Integrated use of water resources
|
||
The micro hydropower station in the village is integrated with drinking water and irrigation works，which improved the water use and power use situations of farmers.
|
||
2.2 Using electricity to support irrigation channels
|
||
It is a common problem that small irrigation channels gradually deteriorate since nobody tends to take care about it，even the government water administration has limited capacity to handle the problem.Once the power station is built，if there is any problem for the irrigation channel，there is no water for power generation.So power generation must take care of maintenance of the irrigation.
|
||
3.Technical parameters and features of the micro hydropower station
|
||
3.1 Engineering technical parameter
|
||
3.1.1 Water resource conditions
|
||
Low water acquisition weir and conduit are built with traversal section area of 0.6×0.4m2 and flow rate of 0.11m3/s.Water is available year round，and micro hydropower can generate electricity year round.
|
||
3.1.2 Technical parameter of the first station
|
||
The installed capacity is 1×10kW，the gradient slope of the irrigation ditch to the turbine is 30°，while the vertical head is 40m，the designed diversion rate is 0.052m3/s.
|
||
3.1.3 Technical parameter of the second station
|
||
The installed capacity is 1？？6kW，the gradient slope of the irrigation ditch to the turbine is 40°，while the vertical head is 30m，the designed diversion rate is 0.041m3/s.
|
||
3.1.4 Power distribution
|
||
The total installed capacity is 16 kW for 40 farmer households with 400 W each household.At present，there are 43household users with 199 people（there is surplus of power）.
|
||
3.2 Engineering technical features
|
||
3.2.1 Features in layout
|
||
The station is located on the tableland close to the mountain，with stable rock and without landslide，the geographic conditions are stable.
|
||
The station is located at the lower stage of the irrigation ditch，so it can achieve the effects of using electricity to support the irrigation facilities，and the water head is high.
|
||
The station is located in the middle of several natural villages and power is transmitted to users through three lines and the length is within 1 km，while the loss on line is small and voltage is stable.
|
||
Since steel pipe is prone to corrosion and plastic pipe can easily get aged，the project used cement conduit pipe，which greatly increased the life of the project.
|
||
3.2.2 Features of the generator unit
|
||
The all-in-one unit is used including turbine，generator and controller.The structure is compact，operation is easy and the performance is stable.Maintenance-free and automated control is realized.The life of the unit is 10 years.
|
||
The unit used rear earth dynamo，which can start with load，overload for short period of time will not cause of loss of magnate，it is good for motor to start.
|
||
False load and auto voltage control are used.Two-way controllable silicon current diversion control is used.The structure is simple and life is long and stable.
|
||
As for safety is concerned，it has ground protection，thunder prevention and leak protection.
|
||
4.Operation
|
||
Since the operation of the hydropower station in Mizhai Village in 2005，it has been stable in operation for 2 years by now.
|
||
5.Shortcoming
|
||
In design，the first and second stations are close to one natural village respectively，but the distance between the two villages is not far.It will be more cost effective to build one station with two units.
|
||
Since the work is too small，there is no supervision involved.The management of the engineering is not strong，delays in construction occurred，quality problem of works was not timely rectified.Fortunately，the project has sufficient time and technical strength to finally accomplish the project.
|
||
Perspective for Wind-photovoltaic Hybrid Power Generation System
|
||
1.Assessment of resources
|
||
Solar energy is the source of most part of the energy on earth.Wind energy is another expression of solar energy on the surface of the earth.Solar and wind energy has strong complementarities in space and time.When the sunshine is strong during daytime，wind is weak；once the Sun sets sunshine becomes weak，but wind is very strong due to the big variation of ground temperature.In summer when the sunshine is strong，wind is weak；in winter sunshine is weak，but wind is strong.The complementarities of solar and wind energy determine that the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is the best match in resource deployment，and it is the best independent power supply system.
|
||
Both wind and solar power generation systems have a common defect，which is that the uncertainty of resources causes the imbalance of power generation and load，both systems need to have batteries to stabilize power supply，furthermore，the power generation of each day is subject to the impact of weather，which will cause hunger to the battery；that is the major reason contributing to the short life of the batteries.
|
||
Thanks to the complementarities of wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system that has overcome the defects of the both independent systems.At the same time，the battery and inverter of the wind and photovoltaic system are universal，furthermore，the wind turbine generator is much cheaper than the solar cells，and therefore，the cost of wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system might be lower than the photovoltaic power generation，the cost of the system becomes more rational and the reliability of system is higher.
|
||
The wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is optimized in accordance with the load of the user and resource availability，i.e.the reliability of power supply of the system can be ensured while its cost can be lowered.Regardless of the environment and the load，the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system can provide the optimal design to meet the needs of users.We can say that the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is the most rational independent power system.
|
||
2.Rational design of the system
|
||
2.1Load
|
||
Power generation system is designed to meet the needs of the user，i.e.to provide reliable power to the user，therefore，the features of the load of the user should be carefully studied，which means the maximum load the daily average power consumption.The maximum load is the basis for selecting the inverter and the daily average power need is the basis for selecting wind turbine generator and photovoltaic cells.
|
||
2.2 Resource availability
|
||
The solar and wind resource availability of the project site is another factor for selecting the photovoltaic cell and wind turbine generator.Usually，in line with resource availability，the co-efficient of the photovoltaic cells and wind turbine generator are determined，than the capacity of the photovoltaic cells and wind turbine generator are determined in association with the considerations of the daily power use of the user.
|
||
2.3 Performance and quality requirement
|
||
The wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system consists of solar cell，small wind turbine generator，system controller，battery group and inverter，abnormality of any part can cause abnormal power supply of the system，therefore，the use of high performance and good quality parts is the key to ensure power supply of the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system.
|
||
3.Example of application
|
||
3.1 Sketch of the project in Honghu
|
||
The project is a component of the Cooperation Project，its objective is to find a way to supply power to the fishermen living lake areas beyond the coverage of grid.
|
||
The project site including two villages（and a primary school）has four distinct seasons with long winter and summer and short fall and spring.The average velocity from October to February is greater than that from March to September.The solar irradiation in summer is much stronger than in winter.One can see here that there are strong complementarities of wind and photovoltaic resources，and the area is suitable for wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system.The wind turbine system is mounted to the fishing boats.
|
||
The equipment supplier of the Cooperation Project is selected by the PMO through nationwide bidding.Guangzhou Hongying Energy S&T Ltd.Co.was the winner of the contract because its reliability of the wind generator and service free system.
|
||
3.2 System composition
|
||
The company provided highly reliable wind turbine generator for the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system for the project，HV-300W.The product adopted brand new speed limit control theory.Through the absolute speed of blades and the combination of the electric magnetic speed control，protection against strong wind of the wind turbine is achieved.In line with the low annual average velocity of the lake area，the low velocity power generation performance of the wind turbine is adjusted to improve the annual power output of the wind turbine generator.The parts are produced through modules，which ensured the high reliability and laid foundation for service-free of the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system.
|
||
The solar panel of the project is the single crystal high efficiency solar cells produced by Shanghai Solar Energy Company，it has high conversion rate and high reliability，but also has high output when the sunshine is low，which increased power output of the system.
|
||
The battery of this project is the Pb valve controlled service-free battery，it does not need routine maintenance from the user，self power consumption is low without memory but long life.The tolerated temperature range is broad with high safety and high reliability of power supply system.
|
||
The inverter is based on PWM charging control technologies，which increased the efficiency of charging.The controller inverter has the function of over charge and overdraft control，effectively protecting the battery from short circuits of the load，over load，and leak，hence it increased the reliability of power generation system.
|
||
At the same time，we provided a speed boat to the project for installation，use and maintenance of the systems of the project.When the systems are installed，we designed safe frame structure in line with the features of boats，ensuring safe and reliable operation of the system.
|
||
3.3 Installation
|
||
Installation started in December 2004 and the first batch of 32sets of wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation systems and 72sets of small wind turbine power generator systems were installed by February 2005.Back in 2000，some fishermen installed the wind turbine power generation system，but the output was small and efficiency was low.One set of wind turbine generator can provide power to 3-5 energy conservation lamps for a fishing boat and one B/W TV for 3hours.Once the 102sets of the HV-300 W systems are installed，most fishermen can use 21″ color TV，over a dozen energy conservation lamps，some fishermen also bought electric blanket，drier and refrigerator，the system can sustain 24hours of normal power use.
|
||
The first phase of the project brought about very good results to the fishermen，so at the beginning of the second phase fishermen rushed to purchase the system，some of the non-project fishermen also wanted the system.By the 3rd July 210 units of wind turbine generators had been installed.
|
||
3.4 Technical service
|
||
Through two years of operation，it has proven that the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is highly reliable.We also accumulated experiences in supplying power to the population in remote areas without coverage of grid.
|
||
As the independent power supply system，reliability of the wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is very important.Since users are located in remote areas，it is not easy to get maintenance services，furthermore，users’ knowledge is limited，so the product and system must have easy operation and each part must be highly reliable.The development and design of the product must meet this stringent requirement.
|
||
Of course，there must be service system established to provide after-sales service，and to timely know the operation of the products.Improper operation by users must be timely stopped，as such the reliability of the power supply system can be ensured.
|
||
4.Experiences and findings
|
||
Through the implementation of this project，we have the following findings：
|
||
1）Power supply to remote areas must be resolved by government project，because power supply system is infrastructure facility.If the users are to build the system，it means that the poorest people will use the most expensive power，which is against the social equality and the users would not be happy to do it.
|
||
2）It is very important to have the after-sales service system established.Since residents in remote areas，it is difficult to achieve scale effect through direct sale of products and the cost of maintenance of enterprise is very high，it is hence difficult to establish effective after-sale service system.On the other hand，effective after-sale service system is critical to maintain high reliability of the power supply system.It is also very difficult to ensure the interchangeability of parts of products of different enterprise，so，only the government can establish regional product maintenance system.
|
||
3）Product should be designed in line with the features of the areas of use.China has vast territories，each location has its unique climate and environment features，so，the product of wind-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system must be designed according to the regional features，as such，the reliability can be ensured.
|
||
Provision of power to rural residents in remote areas is a systematic engineering project，full consideration should be given to such features so as to effectively resolve the problem.
|
||
Study Tour on Renewable Energy to the Netherlands and Findings
|
||
1.Background
|
||
In line with the work plan of the Cooperation Project，the PMO organized management and technical personnel of the demonstration areas who went on a study tour to the Netherlands in November 2004.The group touched upon renewable energy technology development，technical application and policy measures in the Netherlands，got better understanding about the advanced renewable energy technologies，polices and incentive mechanism，and deepened understanding about the development status of renewable energy in developed countries and boarded vision.
|
||
2.Technical issue
|
||
2.1 Energy saving technologies
|
||
Sterksel animal experiment farm
|
||
the livestock farm focused on the development，experiment and demonstration of relevant technologies.It has 300sows and 2400pigs for fattening.The technical innovations of the farm include：（i）green energy production including biogas and solar energy；（ii）improvement of temperature reducing facilities of the sow shed，including temperature reduction of the floor；（iii）reducing labor use：using robot to clean pig shed；（iv）quality control of pigs，the implementation scope is 18% of the total pig population；（v）air exchange system in pig shed：new type of air exchange system，which was awarded VIV golden award in 2001.In addition，the farm has two ways of using solar energy：heat collector and energy roof.Comparatively speaking，the cost of the former is higher but with good effects，the later is cheaper and with poor effects.Biogas produced is mainly used for power generation for grid，increasing the temperature of the fermentation facilities and supply of hot water to the sow sheds.As such，it saved large amount of energy for the farm.
|
||
Figure 1 Green building in the Netherlands
|
||
Green building（Kleine Aarde）
|
||
the building belongs to the Kleine Aarde sustainable education center.The thoughts of construction are stemmed from the rationale that energy is limited and equal sharing.The center is mainly engaged in research，experiment and demonstration of development and use of renewable energy in dwellings and offers education to the public about sustainable development rationales.
|
||
The four key factors of green building is energy，water，construction material and indoor climate control.Firstly，solar energy is fully used.The surface of the building is covered by solar panels，the power generated can be directly used or connected to the grid.The photovoltaic power generation can supply 50% of the energy use of the building.Solar water heater and low temperature circulation warmth keeping system is used to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature.Secondly，water is recycled.Bath water is recovered for treatment and for recycled use，such as flush the toilet，which will be discharged after treatment.Other water with heavier pollution will be discharged after treatment；in addition，there is rainfall collection system that is a part of the water cycle system.Thirdly，construction materials or natural wood are recycled.The used bricks are used to construct the base of the building；fast growing lumber is used for roof，pole and beam.Fourthly，the indoor control system can control indoor temperature and humidity and suck dust.
|
||
2.2 Use of wind energy
|
||
The group visited the wind-electricity lab of the TU Delft poly-technology University，which is the major wind-electricity technology experiment basis of the Netherlands；it undertakes research，experiment and testing of wind power generation technical equipment such as motor and inverter.It also carries out analysis and study about the basic data of wind turbine power generation and its resources.
|
||
At present，the largest single wind power generator is 2.75MW，with tower height of 90m and blade diameter of 92m.According to information we have，the largest single wind turbine generator of the world is in Germany with capacity of 5MW with a tower height of 100m and blade diameter of 112m.Wind turbine generators can be directly connected to the grid in the Netherlands.Starting from 2003，the Netherlands Government encouraged the use of green electricity，the use of green power in 2003 reached 30%.
|
||
The plan of wind energy development of the Netherlands government is that by 2010，the wind power generation will make up 5% of the total power；by 2020 wind power generation will reach 10%，and it will go up to 15%-20% in 2020.The installed capacity of the wind turbine generator will reach 7500MW，of which the terrestrial capacity will be 1500MW and the oceanic capacity will be 6000MW.
|
||
2.3 Biomass energy technologies
|
||
The group focused on the two biomass energy technology research and use institutions，i.e.the energy technology lab of TU Delft University and the solid waste treatment plant of Rijnmond.
|
||
In the energy technology lab of the university，the group attended briefing and visited the biomass gasification devices.The lab is implementing over 20 projects.It has technical cooperation with Guangzhou Energy Institute and Shandong Energy Institute.It is implementing crop stalk gasification projects in Yongjia of Zhejiang and Longjin of Jilin.
|
||
Figure 2 Wasces treatment plant at Rijnmond
|
||
The research areas of biomass energy of the energy technology lab have four：（i）hydrogen production technology；（ii）fuel battery technology；（iii）cooking gas technology；and（iv）CHP technology.Research on gasification technologies of crop stalk focuses on the removal of tar.According to presentation，the current method of tar removal is water washing and activated carbon absorption.The lab supports the gasification devices at Longjin of Jilin，as claimed tar is controlled to be below 50mg/m3.
|
||
The group visited the lab.The material used for gasification is sawdust and crop stalk，however materials are treated to have certain form.When loading materials，certain proportion of sand is added.According to claim，adding sand is conducive to control temperature and full gasification.There is tar collection device，indicating that certain amount of tar is produced.
|
||
Rijnmond solid waste treatment station is built in the 1970’s，with annual handling capacity of solid waste of 2.10million ton.Each day waste transportation trucks get 260 loads of waste to the station，while waste from sea is transported by container.It charges 50 EURO for each ton of waste treated.In order to supervise the quality of emission，the state environment department regularly checks the discharge of the waste management plant，if it is over the allowed standard，heavy penalty is inevitable or even shut down of the facility.
|
||
Sorting waste is the first step.Non-recyclable materials are burnt to thermal energy，remaining and smoke.Thermal energy is used to generate power or for sale，remaining is used as construction material and smoke is discharged.So，solid waste is used as resources and for non-hazardous discharge into the air.
|
||
Waste treatment procedures are shown in the following figure：
|
||
Figure 3 Waste treatment flow-chart
|
||
3.Policy measures of renewable energy
|
||
3.1 Policy objective of renewable energy
|
||
The Netherlands government identified three policy objectives for renewable energy：（i）steady supply of energy；（ii）at the price acceptable to consumer；and（iii）supply of clean energy.In order to realize the objectives，the government encourages companies to develop clean energy and energy conservation technologies conducive to environment protection.
|
||
Table 1 Development objective of the Netherlands Government
|
||
In the development and use of renewable energy，wind turbine power and biomass are the focal areas，of which，the contribution of wind energy will reach 30% by 2010 while it is 60% for biomass energy，the contribution of others will be 10%，mainly energy conservation building（such as photovoltaic system）.
|
||
3.2 Incentive policy and measures for the development of renewable energy
|
||
The Netherlands government enhances the development of renewable energy from supply and demand，i.e.stimulating supply and encouraging demand.There are three pieces of polices：（i）investment subsidy policy，using economic means to encourage developers of renewable energy；（ii）tax subsidy policy，if renewable energy is used to generate power for the grid，subsidy will be provided；（iii）other policies such as green certificate transaction，coal substitution（using biological energy to replace coal can also get subsidy），banks provides green credit（the development and use of renewable energy can get low interest rate loan）.The subsidy standards（starting in 2005）are the following：landfill fermentation for gas production is subsidized by 0.022 EURO/kWh，mixed biomass energy is subsidized by 0.029 EURO/kWh，pure biomass energy is 0.07 EURO/ kWh，terrestrial land wind power generation is 0.077EURO/ kWh and oceanic power generation is 0.097 EURO/ kWh.
|
||
In addition，the government strengthened statistics and monitoring of the development and utilization of renewable energy.A development report of renewable energy is provided every two years，with three major objectives：（i）target control，whether the planed development objectives have been realized；（ii）assessment of results，evaluating the effects of the development and use of renewable energy；and（iii）policy evaluation，it is to timely evaluate and adjust the national policies.At present，the development status of renewable energy has been taken into the national statistic scope to be completed by the state statistic bureau.
|
||
3.3 Obstacle for the development of renewable energy
|
||
At present，there are two barriers：（i）long time is required to apply for the permit of wind turbine power generation，the longest can be 5 years，some of the applications will have to be approved by the provincial or central government.Therefore，the government has established wind energy coordination group to reduce barriers and promote the development of wind power generation；（ii）the market for biomass energy development and use is not mature.The government has established a bio-energy implementation group to promote biomass power generation，burning waste for power generation and biogas CHP，with which it is to promote the development of the market of bio-energy.
|
||
4.Findings
|
||
4.1 Advanced basic research
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The Netherlands is advanced in the world in study on renewable energy and sustainable development.From rural areas（livestock farm and green building）to urban areas（solid waste treatment），from research institutes and schools（livestock experiment farm，Delft University）to government（the Netherlands Energy and Environment Administration），efforts have been made from different dimensions and fields to carry out basic research on renewable energy，which have achieved good results that have been extensively popularized in the Netherlands and other countries.It has established new rationales and opened new ways for renewable energy and sustainable development.
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In China，we should first of all strengthen research on key technologies，which not only needs the support of the government，but also the participation of enterprises，as such the fund for technological research can be secured，it is also good for extension once the technology is mature.Secondly，immature technologies should not be extended to avoid waste of human，financial and material resources.
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4.2 Strong driving force from policy
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In the development and use of renewable energy，the government of the Netherlands has series of policies to stimulate supply and demand，such as subsidy policy，investment subsidy policy，tax cut and exemption policy，green certificate system and coal substitution subsidy.Banks offer green credit for the development and use of renewable energy to its maximum，wind energy in particular.Policy also promoted research that in turn pushes the development，a benign cycle has been established.
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4.3 Demonstration of technology combination
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The government of the Netherlands stresses the combined use of renewable energy technologies，and solar，biomass and wind energy are used in an integrated manner.It can not only reduce energy consumption，but also achieve good economic effects and protect the ecological environment.When developing and using renewable energy technologies，we should consider the links of various technologies，to maximize the effects and efficiency，which is beneficiary exploration for the development and use of renewable energy.
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